Mienzaniso yechimurenga Russia uye France

Revolution senzira sei chinokosha Kuchinja huripo kuti, vanotanga paumba pfungwa yokutungamirira kubva kumugumo XVIII remakore. Kazhinji, chikuru chimurenga akadana mukuru, kwakaratidzwa kuchinja kubva monarchical kuti Republican chehurumende. nzira iyi nevapanduki kwakabatana vakawanda vakatambudzwa. All anozivikanwa mienzaniso Nechimurenga - tsaona chikamu nhoroondo chero nyika. Ngationgororei kupfuura akakurumbira nenyonganyonga edza kupindura mubvunzo, kana pasina chaiva rufu vanhu vakanga vakapa upenyu hwavo ive pfungwa.

Revolution: kutsanangura

Tinofanira kutanga tatsanangura okuti "chimurenga", hazvina chete kuchinja uye inokosha shanduko, vaine tinongorarama kwemakore mashoma. Kazhinji, pfungwa iyi haisi chete nenhoroondo. Kune hondo yechimurenga sayenzi (nokuti vamwe anokosha kuwanikwa) zvakasikwa (chimbichimbi shanduko chero zviruva, kazhinji, Geological), munzanga kukura (maindasitiri netsika chimurenga).

Zvakakosha kusiyanisa izvi kubva pamigumisiro nzira zvakafanana asi zvakasiyana uye mazwi. Saka, shoko rokuti "shanduka" zvinoreva zvishoma nezvishoma, anononoka chaizvo kuchinja. Zvishoma nokukurumidza ari kuchinja muitiro, asi zviri isina kushanda semheni, uye kuchinja havasi kudaro kukuru.

Zvakakodzera kusiyanisa okuti "chimurenga" uye "kubvuta masimba d'pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba." Etymologically, ivo ukama, nekuti revolutio rinoshandurwa kubva muLatin uye rinoreva "nevapanduki." Zvisinei, pfungwa chimurenga iri nokure, kwazvinoita kuchinja zvose zvatinoita evanhu upenyu, asi kubvuta masimba, chokwadi - ndiko chete kuchinja hurumende imwe mutongi mumwe.

Zvinokonzera kuti kumukira

Nei ari echimurenga sangano? Chii chinokurudzira vanhu kuti zvematongerwo yakadaro chiitiko chinorwadza, akatakura zviuru zvevanhu? Zvikonzero zviri zvinosiyana zvinhu zvizhinji:

1. Kusagutsikana chete muboka revatungamiriri uye vepamusoro kuderera mune zvoupfumi Rwako. Pamusoro yaitwa zvoupfumi kuderera.
2. Internal vepamusoro kurwisana pachavo. Zvinoitika kuti rokumusoro strata kwenzanga - zvikuru namahwindo yakarongeka, dzimwe nguva vachigoverana simba. hondo iyi inogona kuguma nyonganyonga chaiyo, kana mumwe elites kutsvaga rutsigiro vanhu.
3. The echimurenga kuunganidza. Social mhirizhonga anokonzerwa nokukanganisa kunomboita siyana muupenyu - kubva vepamusoro zvikuru pasi.
4. Dzidziso. Zvinofanira aitsigira chero chimurenga, ndine bhidha yekubudirira. ugari anogona kumira pakati dzidziso kana mumwe munhu wechitendero. General achava hondo kusaruramisira akenda kuitika hurumende uye bumbiro.
5. The yakanaka emuchina dzimwe negwaro. nyika omubatanidzwa vanoramba kugamuchira uye kutsigira aripo simba.

Saka, kuvapo izvi shanu dzinokosha kumukira kunganzi hwakabudirira. Mienzaniso nokumukirana pachena kuti haasi nguva dzose akabvuma nomwoyo shanu pfungwa, asi vakawanda tora nzvimbo yakadaro yainge ezvinhu.

Chaizvo kuti kumukira Russian

Kuchinja mune zvemagariro upfumi kuitira dzinoratidzwa States zhinji. Mienzaniso chimurenga anogona kuwanikwa dzinenge European nyika dzose, muUnited States. Zvisinei, iye haana vakauya zvakadaro inosuruvarisa, sapamazuva Russia. Pano, mumwe nomumwe Russian chimurenga aigona ubvise kwete chete hurumende hurongwa, asi vo nyika pachayo. Ndezvipi zvikonzero?

Chekutanga, ukama hunokosha pakati hierarchical manera. Pakati pavo pakanga pasina "coupling", simba vepamusoro uye hakuna zvachose vanhu. Nokudaro - zvakare kunyanyisa zvoupfumi simba zvinodiwa kuti makirasi dzakaderera, vakawanda vacho vanogara pasi urombo mutsetse. Dambudziko racho rakanga risiri ari kunyanyisa makaro kuvakuru akaturikidzana, uye hazvibviri kuronda upenyu "pasi" nokuda kukwana kudzora midziyo. izvi zvose zvakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti "pamusoro" simba zvakakodzera kukurira vanhu nechisimba.

Chechipiri, akura ungwaru, yakatakura echimurenga pfungwa akapa unozotevera mudziyo zvokutadza utopian nokuda kukwana utariri ruzivo.

Unofanirawo kufunga peculiarities pamusoro mafungiro wokuRussia kwevanhu kukwanisa kushivirira nokumanikidzwa kwenguva refu, uye ipapo panguva "putika."

All zvinhu izvi uye kuva springboard kuumbwa Bolshevism, izvo zvakaita Russian Revolution.

1905: chimurenga chekutanga

The chimurenga wokutanga Russia kwakaitika muna January 1905. Akanga vasingatsanyi chaizvo, nokuti chete yakaguma muna June 1907.

The prerequisites vaiva kuderera mwero upfumi uye maindasitiri, kusakura, vakanga vaunganidza paruzhinji chikwereti kune wakakura kukura (mu mhosva iyi hondo pamwe Turkey). Mumazana pavaida. utendeuke kubva rokutarisira pasi pamberi kuita chero kuchinja hurumende hurongwa. Mushure abolition kuti serfdom indasitiri utariri hurongwa zvaida kugadzira. Murimi mudiki basa rakanga havaratidzi chakaita, mune chokwadi akaramba ari yakawiriranwa basa, nyika munharaunda uye chenguva zvinoderedza Holdings.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti 1905 chimurenga yakanga yakanaka zvokunze mari: mukufamba hondo pamwe Japan akazivisa Sponsors ugandanga uye masangano echimurenga.

Kupanduka ichi chakapararira akaturikidzana vose Russian vanhu - kubva miduku yokuruwa kusvika intelligentsia. Revolution yakagadzirwa kuti ndiparadzemo chero vakasara feudal serf hurongwa, urove autocracy.

Results Nechimurenga, 1905-1907

Sezvineiwo, 1905 chimurenga akarwadziwa, iye akapinda stub ari yenhau kare, zvisinei, zvakatungamirira kuchinja kunokosha:

1. It zvakasimbisa kuti Russian parliamentarism: muviri hurumende yakatangwa.
2. simba mambo riri shoma kuburikidza pokugadzwa State Duma.
3. Maererano Manifesto yaOctober 17 vari vagari democratic norusununguko.
4. Chinzvimbo uye kushanda zvinhu zvakachinja nani.
5. Varimi vava zvishoma akasungirirwa kunyika yavo.

The February Revolution muna 1917

The February Revolution pamusoro 1917 aiva kuenderera zvakaitika 1905-1907. In autocracy zvikundikane kwete chete dzakaderera akaturikidzana (vashandi, varimi), asi bourgeoisie. mashoko aya yekudyidzana zvinowedzerwa ari imperialist hondo.

Somugumisiro ari kubvuta masimba mumagakava uye voruzhinji Kutarisirwa ari kuwana kuchinja. hunhu pokuchinja kwezvinhu 1917 aiva Bourgeois-democratic. Asi akanga rinokosha ani. Kana isu kutora mienzaniso iyoyo chimurenga mirayiridzo munyika dzeEurope, tinoona kuti zviri kukonzera vaiva vashandi, uye kupidigura umambo, rapfuura capitalist hukama (vakatanga kuva nokukurumidza pashure hurumende change). Uye injini akanga achikurwirai chichiitwa, asi simba pamusoro kusvika bourgeoisie.

The Russian Empire handizvo zvakaitika: kuwedzera zvokungoitawo hurumende, iyo inotungamirirwa vanhu kubva yokumusoro kirasi bourgeoisie, pane imwe nzira hurumende - Tips, aumba kubva boka vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo. simba iri Dual aivapo kusvikira October zviitiko.

The chikuru Pamusana yechimurenga February 1917 kwaiva kusungwa dzemhuri youmambo uye sapakuparadzwa yacho autocracy.

The October Revolution muna 1917,

Mienzaniso yechimurenga Russia hunange Chokwadi, Guru October Socialist Revolution. It akanyatsosiyana akashandura nzira kare kwete chete Russia asiwo munyika yose. Pashure pezvose, mumwe ahwo - nzira kubva imperialist hondo.

Musimboti pokuchinja-chimurenga raiva zvinotevera: zvakanzi haachatauri dikidiki Government, uye simba munyika ndokupfuura Bolsheviks uye Left SRs. Akatungamirira kubvuta masimba akanga V. I. Lenin.

Somugumisiro, paiva redistribution mauto enyika; mukuru nesimba proletariat rava, nyika wakapiwa vanhuwo zvavo, uye mafekitari pasi vashandi 'kuzvidzora. Kwaiva anosuruvarisa, Mugumisiro wakaipa pokuchinja - hondo, vakakamura nzanga kupinda fronts maviri noutsinye.

The echimurenga mufambo muFrance

Uyewo yokuRussia Empire, muFrance, sangano nokuda kuparadzwa pamusoro autocracy zvaisanganisira mumatanho anoverengeka, nyika akaenda kuburikidza nokumukirana ayo makuru. Total munhau yacho paiva 4. racho rakatanga muna 1789 pamwe French Revolution.

Nokufamba chimurenga ichi akabudirira vachipidigura yakakwana umambo usimbise Republic First. Zvisinei, izvozvo akasimuka somugumisiro Revolutionary nemagandanga Jacobin udzvinyiriri vasingagoni kugara refu. simba rake pamusoro perimwe kubvuta masimba muna 1794.

Revolution muna July 1830 rinonzi "mbiri mazuva matatu." Iye akasimbisa ushe akarurama umambo pamusoro Louis-Philippe I, «Mambo-mugari", iro pakupedzisira chakagumisa hazvishanduki kodzero yamambo kuitwa mitemo.

The yaifamba 1848 hwakagara Yechipiri Republic. Zvaitika nekuti Louis Philippe Zvishoma nezvishoma ndakatanga kufamba kubva pakutanga sunungukei zvavanodavira. He abdicates. The chimurenga pamusoro 1848 zvaiita kubata democratic sarudzo munyika umo vanhu (kusanganisira vashandi nevamwe "yakaderera" strata nzanga) akasarudza Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, muzukuru pakati yakakurumbira Emperor.

Republic rechitatu hwogumisa nokusingaperi kusvika monarchical mararamiro munzanga, yakatanga muna France muna September 1870. Pashure pokutonga dambudziko refu Napoleon III anosarudza yokuupa (kana paiva nehondo Prussia). Yakanangepi nyika akabata musarudzo nokukurumidza. Simba akatamisa rave kubva monarchists kusvika Republicans, uye chete muna 1871 ari zvemitemo French inova vemutungamiri zvokuvhoterwa umo dzakakurumbira akasarudzwa gavhuna musimba 3 years. nyika iyi iripo kusvikira 1940.