Paumbwe Golden Horde

The Golden Horde yakaumbwa kuMiddle Ages, uye zvakanga zvechokwadi simba mamiriro. Nyika dzakawanda vakaedza kuramba ukama hwakanaka naye. Mombe rutoto chaiva chikuru rokurwa eMongolia, uye vakanga vasingazivi chinhu pamusoro kukura zvokurima. Ivo anonakidzwa unyanzvi hondo, ndokusaka vakanga vamabhiza yakanaka. Zvikuru chitsamba ndechokuti eMongolia haana kubvuma kupinda kwayo kuhondo simba uye gwara vanhu.

Muna 1206, Genghis Khan akava Great Khan, ane chaiye zita - Temujin. Akakwanisa kubatanidza madzinza akawanda. Aine simba rechiuto kugona, Genghis Khan uye nehondo yake akakunda East Asia, Tangut umambo, kuchamhembe China, Korea uye Central Asia. Saka vakatanga paumbwe Golden Horde.

mamiriro ichi kwemakore anenge mazana maviri. It yakaumbwa pamusoro matongo ari rezvitendero Genghis Khan uye ari enyika simba sangano iri Dasht-i-Kipchak. The Golden Horde akauya mushure mokufa Khazar Khanate, akanga mugari wenhaka yemadzinza anongofamba kuMiddle Ages. Chinangwa kuti vakazvigadzira paumbwe Golden Horde, chaiva kundozvitorera rimwe bazi (kuchamhembe) of Silk Road.

East mabhuku dzinoshuma kuti muna 1230 imwe yokuzviparadzanisa guru, rine zvuru 30 eMongolia, akaonekwa ari steppes of reCaspian. Yaiva nzvimbo anongofamba Polovtsy, vakanga vakadamwa Kipchaks. Zviuru hondo Mongolian vakaenda West. Munziramo mauto akakunda Volga Bulgars uye Bashkirs, uye akabva atora nyika Polovtsian.

Genghis Khan akagadza nyika Polovtsian sezvo ulus (nharaunda umambo) Jochi mwanakomana wake mukuru, uyo, kufanana nababa vake, akafa muna 1227. Complete kukunda pamusoro idzi akanga akahwina mwanakomana mukuru Genghis Khan, ane zita Batu. Iye nehondo yake zvachose vakakunda ari Jochi Ulus uye akagara Lower Volga mumakore 1242-1243.

Mumakore aya, kuMongolian State yakakamurwa mana nhaka. Zolotaya Orda ndiye wokutanga kwavo hurumende mukati ezvinhu. Norumwe rwezviso vanakomana Genghis Khan akanga ulus ake: Coulagot (pano zvaisanganisira mundima Caucasus, Persian Gulf uye Arab nendima); Jagatai (nharaunda kwaisanganisira chipo Kazakhstan uye Central Asia); Ugadei (hwakanga kuMongolia, Eastern kuSiberia, Northern China uye Trans-Baikal) uye Jochi (Sea ichi Black uye Volga nharaunda). Zvisinei, chikuru chaiva ulus Ugadei. Mongolia ane zvachose guru Mongol Empire - Karakorum. Apa paiva paruzhinji zviitiko zvose, mutungamiriri Hagan aiva murume chikuru yose vakabatana umambo.

Mongolian Mauto zvakasiyana nokurwa, pakutanga vakanga akarwisa Ryazan uye Vladimir kwavabati. Maguta Russian vakanga zvakare atambudzwe kukunda uye varanda. mumwe chete vakapona Novgorod. Mumakore maviri akatevera, kuti Mongol mauto akakundawo ipapo Russia. Panguva vanotyisa ruvengo Batu Khan akarasikirwa hafu wehondo yake.

machinda Russian vakaparadzaniswa panguva paumbwe Golden Horde, uye saka akatambudzika zvachose kukuvara. Batu yakakunda nyika Russian uye kuzviuru kuti mugove wakatarwa utsaurirwe vomunzvimbo. Alexander Nevsky aiva wokutanga uyo aikwanisa kutaurirana Horde uye kuti misa utsinye.

Mumakore 60 kwave kune hondo pakati ulus kuti vanozvisanangurira pokuwa Golden Horde, vakatora mukana vanhu Russian. Muna 1379, Dmitry Donskoy akaramba kubhadhara mutero uye vakauraya Mongol vemauto. Achipindura, mukuru Mongol Khan Mamai akarwisa Russia. Zvakatanga Hondo Kulikovo, umo mauto eRussia vakakundwa. kuvimba kwavo pamusoro Horde vakava chisingakoshi uye Mongolian mauto vakabva kuRussia. Pokuwa Golden Horde yakapera.

Tartar joko kwemakore 240 uye hwakaguma kukunda vanhu Russian, zvisinei, paumbwe Golden Horde haagoni dzakanaka. Nokuda wechiTatar-Mongol joko zvemisoro Russian vakatanga vabatane pamusoro muvengi nevakawanda, zvakasimbisa uye akaita zvakawanda simba Russian mamiriro. Paumbwe Golden Horde vanyori venhoroondo vanofungidzira sechinhu chinokosha pave kukura Russia.