Mongol kukunda. Zolotaya Orda. Mongolian kubvuta kuRussia

Muzana XIII remakore eMongolia akavaka umambo rinezvigaro contiguous ndima munhoroondo yevanhu. It ruoko achibva kuRussia Southeast Asia kubva Korea kuMiddle East. Gurusvusvu muArabhu akaparadza mazana mumaguta, uye vakaparadza yakawanda inotaura. The zita muvambi Mongol Empire pakati Genghis Khan rava chiratidzo yose kuMiddle Ages.

Jin

Wokutanga Mongol kukunda China sei. Zvomuchadenga mufashoni muArabhu kwete pakarepo. The War Mongolian-Japanese rakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu. Chokutanga chaiva nechisimba State of Jin (1211-1234). Kuti chirongwa inotungamirwa Genghis Khan pachake. hondo dzake dzakasvika chiuru zana vanhu. Mongolia acceded kuti pedyo madzinza Uighurs uye Karluk.

Yokutanga akabatwa Fuzhou City kuchamhembe Jin. Kwete kure muchirimo 1211 paiva hondo guru muhomba Ehulin. Muhondo iyi huru nyanzvi mauto vashandi Jin rakaparadzwa. Zvaakanga akahwina rokutanga kukunda makuru, ari Mongol hondo vakavhuna Great Wall - old chipingamupinyi yakavakwa pamusoro Huns achiri. Kamwe muna China, izvozvo atanga zvinopambwa Chinese guta. In yechando, kuti muArabhu pamudyandigere kuna inowanzorimwa wavo, asi haana kubva vakadzoka ose chitubu kuti kurwiswa zvitsva.

Pasi nokurohwa inowanzorimwa State of Jin akatanga isaparara. Uchirwisana Jurchen, aitonga nyika, akatanga kumukira madzinza Chinese uye Khitan. Vazhinji vavo vakatsigira eMongolia, vachitarisira kuzvishandisa kuzadzisa rusununguko. Masvomhu Ndivo zvoufuza. Kuparadza mamiriro vanhu mumwe, mukuru Genghis Khan haana kuda kusika munhu mamiriro vamwe. Somuenzaniso, imwe breakaway kubva Eastern Jin Liao yakatora makore chete maviri. EMongolia nounyanzvi ndakakuvadza kwekanguva vatsigiri. Cracking pasi vavengi uchibatsirwa wavo, ivo vakabva vabvisa avo uye "shamwari."

Muna 1215, ivo eMongolia akakunda uye kupiswa kuti Beijing (akamuberekera zita Zhongdu). Kusvikira makore mashoma inowanzorimwa nayo aiita maererano mazano ose vachirwisa. Pakafa Genghis Khan Khagan (Great Khan), mwanakomana wake Ogedei. Akatamira kuti mazano yokukunda. Apo Ugadei eMongolia pakupedzisira akabatana Jin kuti umambo hwake. Muna 1234, mutongi wekupedzisira State Aytszun vakazviuraya. Mongol kubvuta yakaparadzwa kuchamhembe China, asi kuparadzwa Jin kwaingova kutanga kufamba kwokunokunda pakati muArabhu pakati Eurasia.

Xi Xia

Tangut Xi Xia State (Western Xia) raiva inotevera nyika kuti uchikundwa eMongolia. Genghis Khan akakunda umambo ichi muna 1227. Xi Xia unehanya ndima kusvika kumadokero Jin dzinza. It aidzora chikamu Great Silk Road, izvo akavimbisa akapfuma zvakatorwa nechisimba muArabhu. Inowanzorimwa akakomberedza ndikaiparadza guru Tanguts Chung Hsing. Genghis Khan akafa, achidzokera kumba achibva mushandirapamwe uyu. Zvino venhaka yake vaifanira kupedza basa wendarama umambo.

Southern Song

Wokutanga Mongol kukunda nokuda nehurumende, vakasikwa vasiri Chinese vanhu China. Uye Jin uye Xi Xia haana China iri zvizere pfungwa yeshoko. Madzinza Chinese ari XIII remakore, vaidzora chete kumaodzanyemba hafu China, apo paiva Southern Song Empire. Hondo yakatanga naye 1235.

Vamwe makore eMongolia vakarwisa China, uchimhanya kuti tisanzwa vachirwisa. Muna 1238, Sun akaita kubhadhara mutero, ichiteverwa kuri vachirwisa ikanyarara. Kuputsika chibvumirano hwakagadzwa kwemakore 13. History of Mongol yaingopambwa anoziva zvinopfuura chimwe chiitiko. MuArabhu "akaisa" mumwe nyika kuti kuisa pfungwa uchikunda dzimwe vavakidzani.

Muna 1251 imwe itsva Great Khan akava Munch. Akatanga yehondo itsva Song. Panguva musoro mushandirapamwe yakanga kufanorongwa mukoma Kublai Khan. Hondo kwemakore akawanda. Rwakaimbwa dare capitulated muna 1276, kunyange zvazvo kutamburira yoga mapoka Chinese rusununguko kusvikira 1279. Chete ipapo akaita Mongol joko akasimbisa pamusoro yose China. Kare muna 1271 Kublai Khan akavamba kuti Yuan hwedzinza. Iye akatonga China kusvikira pezana XIV remakore, pakwakanga rinoputswa munhu Red Hwoumambo Kupandukira.

Korea uye Burma

At nemiganhu yayo kumabvazuva ehurumende vakasikwa panguva Mongol yaingopambwa, aiva parutivi Korea. The ruchirwisana akatanga muna 1231. All chinoteverwa matanhatu-yaingopambwa. Somugumisiro unokuvadza vachirwisa of Korea akava State kubhadhara mutero kuna Yuan. Mongol joko Peninsula dzakaguma muna 1350.

At nevakomana mugumo muArabhu Asian akasvika paigumira vechihedheni Kingdom muBurma. Wokutanga Mongol danidziro munyika ndezvaJehovha makore 1270th. Khubilai kakawanda Akamboramba pakuti kurwisa echihedheni nokuti dzavo Kukundikana pedyo Vietnam. KuSoutheast Asia, kuti eMongolia aifanira kurwisa kwete zvizvarwa zvemo asiwo kujairika inopisa. Mauto akanga achitambura marariya, ndokusaka dzose ichidzokera yake yaakaberekerwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, pakazosvika 1287 kukunda Burma achiri asina kubudirira.

Nechisimba Japan uye India

Havasi hondo dzose kukunda, iyo yakatanga zvizvarwa Genghis Khan, anobudirira. Kaviri (yokutanga kuedza yaiva 1274, wechipiri - muna 1281) Habil akaedza dzikambouya Japan. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, China anovaka neboka rengarava hombe, izvo wakange asina analogues kuMiddle Ages. The eMongolia akanga asina ruzivo wekushandisa. armáda yavo vakundwa ngarava Japanese. In chechipiri rwendo kuchitsuwa Kyushu, wakapindwa Zvisinei, 100 zviuru vanhu, uye havana kukwanisa kukunda.

Imwe nyika haina aizokundwa eMongolia vakava India. Zvizvarwa Genghis Khan wakati anzwa pfuma iyi inoshamisa munyika uye kurota kuitora. North India panguva iyoyo vaiva Delhi Sultanate. Nokuti kokutanga eMongolia yakapamba nharaunda yayo muna 1221. MuArabhu akaparadza dzimwe enyika (Lahore, Multan, Peshawar), asi pamberi kukunda haisi asvika. Muna 1235 zvakabatana Power wavo Kupwara. At pakuguma XIII remakore eMongolia vavamba Punjab uye kunyange vakaenda Delhi. Pasinei rinoparadza rutsigiro, kuti muArabhu havana kukwanisa kuwana nzvimbo kuIndia.

Karakatiyskoe Khanate

Muna 1218 iri Mongol vazhinji, uyo akarwa pamberi chete muna China, kwenguva yokutanga akatendeuka mabhiza avo kumavirira. On nzira yavo yakanga Central Asia. Pano, pamusoro munharaunda Kazakhstan ano, akanga Qara Khitai yakavakirwa Karakitais (ethnically pedyo eMongolia uye Khitan).

Mitemo kuti State kwenguva yakareba aikwikwidza Genghis Khan Kuchlug. Kugadzirira kurwa naye, kuti eMongolia vakauya kuna kudivi rake imwe Turkic marudzi Semirechye. MuArabhu vakanga rinotsigirwa Karluk Arslan Khan uye mubati weguta Almalyk Bouzar. Mukuwedzera, Vakabatsirwa ne ndakagara vaMuslim, uyo eMongolia vaibvumirwa kuitisa kunamata paruzhinji (usingabereki ngatiitei Kuchlug).

Mushandirapamwe pamusoro Qara Khitai rinotungamirirwa mumwe mukuru myriarchs Genghis Khan Jebe. Akakunda East Turkestan uye Rivers Seven. Vakundwa, Kuchlug akamhanya ari Pamir kumakomo. Ikoko akanga akabatwa uye kuurayiwa.

Khorezm

Mumwe kukunda Mongol, muna pfupi, akanga chete danho rokutanga kukunda yose of Central Asia. Mumwe mamiriro guru, kunze Qara Khitai yaigarwa vokuTurkey, Iranians uye vechiIslam umambo Khorezm. Panguva iyoyo ndinoziva yaiva Polovtsian (Kipchak). Nemamwe mashoko, Khorezm aiva dzinza conglomerate yakaoma. Tichimubatsira ari eMongolia nounyanzvi akashandisa dzomunyika kupokanidzana masimba makuru.

Kunyange Genghis Khan hwakagadzwa pamwe Khorezm kunze noushamwari. Muna 1215, akatumirwa kunyika vatengesi dzavo. World pamwe Khorezm eMongolia vaifanira aivabatsira kukunda pedyo Qara Khitai. Kana nyika iyi yakakundwa, zvakanga dzoro wokwake.

Mongol kukunda vakanga nechakare pasi pose, uye Khorezm kune zvekufungidzira kushamwaridzana muArabhu vakanga kubatwa nokungwarira. An pokuvawanira kuputsa rugare ukama inowanzorimwa vanogara yakawanikwa netsaona. Mubati weguta Otrar ari Mongol vatengesi vaifungidzirwa kuva vasori uye avauraya. Shure kwaizvozvo mhirizhonga hondo zvisingafungi vakava chisingadzivisiki.

Genghis Khan vakafora pamusoro Khorezm muna 1219. Achisimbisa kukosha rwendo, akatora naye munzira vanakomana vake vose. Ogedei Chagatai akaenda kunokomba Otrar. Jochi akatungamirira mauto rechipiri, vakati akatamira kurutivi uye Jenda Sygnak. Mauto wechitatu nechinangwa Khujand. Genghis Khan pachake nomwanakomana wake tolu akatevera mupfumi Metropolis Ages Samarkand. maguta iwayo ose vakabatwa uye vakapamba.

In Samarkand, apo 400,000 vanhu vaigara mhenyu kwakange chete mumwe masere. Otrar, Jenda, Sygnak nemamwe maguta Central Asia vazhinji vakanga vaparadzwa zvachose (nhasi chete matongo matongo anochengetwa panzvimbo yavo). By 1223 Khorezm yakakundwa. Mongol kukunda rakafukidza ndima huru kubva kweGungwa reCaspian kusvikira Indus.

Akunda Khorezm, muArabhu vakaona pachake mberi nenzira kumavirira - Ukuwo imwe Russia, uye kuno rumwe - kuMiddle East. Apo dzibatane Mongol Empire akadonha Central Asia yakabuda Ilkhanate, rakatonga zvizvarwa muzukuru Genghis Khan kuti Hulagu. umambo uhwu iripo kusvikira 1335.

Anatoly

Pashure pokukundwa Khorezm dzokumadokero vavakidzani pakati eMongolia akazova Seljuk vokuTurkey. mamiriro avo, Sultanate pamusoro Rum, riri pamusoro munharaunda kweTurkey ano pamusoro Peninsula yose Malaya Aziya. Munzvimbo iyi paiva neimwe nhoroondo zita - Anatoly. Kuwedzera Seljuk mamiriro, paiva Greek umambo - zvimedu akamuka pashure kubatwa weConstantinople pedyo Dzorudzidziso uye kuwa Byzantine Empire muna 1204.

The kukunda Anatolia vachipa Mongolian temnik Baiju, uyo aiva gavhuna Iran. Akadana Seljuk Sultan Kay-Khusrau II ateterere rechibharo muArabhu. Kunonyadzisa chakanga akarambwa. Muna 1241, pakupindurwa demarche Baiju yakapamba Anatolia uye neuto Erzurum. Pashure pokukomba-mwedzi miviri cheguta ndokuwa. masvingo aro vakaparadzwa vaipfura kubva catapult, uye vanhu vazhinji vakaurayiwa kana kubirwa.

Kai Khosrow II, zvisinei, haana kukanda mapfumo pasi. Iye wechi rutsigiro echiGiriki inoti (uye Trebizond Empire reNicaea), uyewo yechiGeorgian uye Armenian machinda. Muna 1243 hondo antimongolskoy mubatanidzwa akasangana zvisingaiti ari mugomo kuzvimbirwa kose Dagh. MuArabhu vaishandisa kufarira nzira dzavo. The eMongolia, vachinyepedzera mumusiye, akaita venhema rinoshamisa uye pakarepo counterattacked vaimupikisa. hondo Seljuk vavo vatsigiri akarwadziwa. Pashure pokukunda ichi, kuti eMongolia akakunda Anatolia. Under rugare chibvumirano, imwe hafu Sultanate pakati Rum akanga yakatora yavo umambo, uye mumwe akatanga kubhadhara mutero.

Near East

Muna 1256 muzukuru Genghis Khan raMwari Hulagu akatungamirira pakundopambara kuMiddle East. Mushandirapamwe kwakatora makore 4. Rakanga chimwe chezvinhu chinzvimbo mishandirapamwe of Mongol mauto. Yokutanga achirwiswa inowanzorimwa akatendeuka Nizari mamiriro muna Iran. Hulagu akayambuka Amu DARYA River uye guta riri Kuhistan Muslim.

By kuhwina hizaritami, Mongol Khan akafunga Baghdad, apo mitemo Caliph Al-Mustatim. Mumakore woumambo ari Abbasid youmambo haana simba zvakakwana kurwisa Horde, asi iye nokuzvikudza akaramba pasi murunyararo vavasingazivi. Muna 1258, ivo eMongolia akakomberedza Baghdad. Mauto vaishandisa kukombwa zvombo, uye akatanga kurwisa. The guta rakanga rakapoteredzwa zvachose uye kunyimwa rubatsiro kubva kunze. Papera vhiki mbiri, Baghdad akawira.

Guta guru Abbasid Caliphate, parera vechiIslam nyika, yakanga kwakaparadza pasi. The eMongolia haana kurega rakasiyana nemamwe mapurani pazvivako, vakaparadza Academy, ugokandirwa Tigirisi inokosha bhuku. The zvaibiwa kwakaenderera kweBaghdad ikava murwi nomwenje marara. kuwa kwake kwairatidza kuguma Ages Golden Age rechiIslam.

Pashure pezviitiko kweBaghdad vakatanga Mongol Campaign muPalestine. Muna 1260, zvakaitika Battle kweAini Jalut. Egyptian Mamluks akakundawo vatorwa. Chikonzero pokukundwa pakati eMongolia ndechokuti pamusoro avaida Hulagu, ndaziva pamusoro rufu Mangu Hagan, vakadzokera shure kuna eCaucasus. MuPalestine, akasiya weuto Kitbugu neuto shoma, izvo vakakundwa navaArabhu zvoga. Uyezve munzvimbo Muslim Middle East, mashoko eMongolia kukwanisa kufamba. Muganhu wavo hwacho anoita rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi.

Battle of Kalka

The chirongwa of eMongolia mu Europe yakatanga apo muArabhu, vakadzingirira anotiza mutongi Khorezm, vakasvika Polovtsian inowanzorimwa. Panguva iyoyowo kudiwa chokukurira Genghis Khan Kipchak akataura. Muna 1220 akauya uto anongofamba kuCaucasus, apo atamira Old World. Ivo yakaparadzwa nyika Lezgin vanhu vemazuva ano Dagestan. Ipapo eMongolia kutanga nazvo pamwe Polovtsy uye Alans.

Kipchaks pokuziva ngozi kukokwa vakokwa, vakatuma nhume kuna Russian nyika, vachibvunza Eastern necheSalvic vatongi chaizvo rubatsiro. Isu vakabvuma kudanwa Mstislav Old (Great Muchinda Kiev), Mstislav Udatny (Prince Galitsky), Daniil Romanovich (Volynia) Mstislav Svyatoslavich (Chernigov Prince) uye dzimwe madzishe.

Yakanga 1223. Machinda akabvuma amise eMongolia ari Polovtsian inowanzorimwa kunyange vasati varwise Russia. Panguva nokuunganidzwa yakabatana kukupfura yasvika kuti Rurikovich Mongolian Embassy. muArabhu Russian vakapa haana kumiririra Polovtsian. Machinda vakarayirwa kuuraya nhume, uye ndanogara inowanzorimwa.

Nokukurumidza nyika ano Donetsk nharaunda kwaiva kurwisana Kalka dzakaipisisa. 1223 aiva gore nokusuwa nokuti nyika yose Russian. A mubatanidzwa machinda uye Polovtsian akatambura unorema kukundwa. Zvinzvimbo Mauto Mongol akakunda kukupfura yaisanganisa. Cumans, flinching pasi yakakuwandira, ndokutiza, vachisiya uto Russian pasina rubatsiro.

Pakurwa akauraya dzinenge 8 machinda, kusanganisira Mstislav Mstislav pamusoro Kiev uye Chernigov. Pamwe navo vakarasikirwa noupenyu hwavo, vazhinji vanokudzwa boyars. Black mureza aiva kurwisana Kalka. 1223 aigona kuva gore dzakazara nechisimba eMongolia, asi pashure ropa kukunda Vakarangana kuti zvaiva nani kuti vadzokere yoruwa kumusha. Makore anoverengeka ukuru Russian zvitsva vanotyisa mhirizhonga risisiri akanzwa chinhu.

Volga Bulgaria

Nguva pfupi asati afa, Genghis Khan akavakamura umambo yake nzvimbo basa, musoro nerimwe akamira mumwe wavanakomana mukundi. Ulus ari Polovtsian inowanzorimwa ndokumuka Jochi. Akafa akashaya, uye muna 1235 nemijenya Kurultai mwanakomana wake Batu akatanga kuronga danidziro muEurope. Muzukuru Genghis Khan akaunganidza hondo huru uye akaenda kukunda eMongolia kunyika kure.

Waitirwa itsva nechisimba muArabhu vakatanga Volga Bulgaria. Iri mamiriro pamusoro munharaunda Tatarstan ano kwemakore akatungamirira muganhu hondo pamwe eMongolia. Zvisinei, kusvikira ikozvino chete chete chiduku inowanzorimwa sorties. Zvino hondo Batu raiva rakakura vanenge zviuru 120 vanhu. hondo iyi yakakura nyore akakunda zvikuru maguta Bulgarian Bulgar Bilyar Dzhuketau uye Suvar.

Nechisimba Russia

Zvaakanga Akakunda Volga Bulgaria uye nevatsigiri vayo nokupwanya Polovtzy vavengi vakatamira mberi nechokumadokero. Saka vakatanga Mongol kukunda Russia. Muna December 1237 ari muArabhu vaiva munharaunda yacho Ryazan weutungamiriri. Its guru chakabatwa uye utsinye kuparadzwa. Modern Ryazan akavaka emapoka makiromita kubva Old Ryazan, panzvimbo iyo inogara munhu Ages ugari.

Hondo yepamusoro yehurumende yeVladimir-Suzdal yakarwa nemaMongolia muHondo yeKomomna. Muhondo iyoyo, mumwe wevanakomana vaGenghis Khan , Kulkhan, akafa. Nenguva isipi mauto ainge akarwiswa neuto revarwi veRyazan Yevpatia Kolovrat, uyo akazova mhare chaiyo yenyika. Pasinei nokumanikidzwa kusindimara, maMongol akaputsa uto rose uye akatora maguta ose matsva.

Mukutanga kwe1238, Moscow, Vladimir, Tver, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, uye Torzhok vakawa. Guta duku reKozelsk rakadziviririra kwenguva yakareba zvokuti Baty, akaiparadza nevhu, akadana nhare "guta rakaipa". MuHondo yeRwizi City, chivako chakasiyana, chakarayirwa nechemberi yeBurundai, chakaparadza hurumende yehurumende yeRussia yakatungamirirwa naVladimir Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, uyo akagura musoro wake.

Mamwe mamwe maguta eRussia ane nhanho Novgorod. Kutora Torzhok, Horde haana kuedza kuenda kure zvakanyanya kutonho kuchamhembe uye akatendeukira kumaodzanyemba. Nokudaro, maMongol akapinda muRussia achifara zvakapfuura mutengesi unokosha uye mutsika yekambani yenyika. Mushure mokunge vatamira kune maodzanyemba emaodzanyemba, Batyi akatora nguva pfupi. Akapa mafuta ake mafuta uye akaunganidza hondo. Hondo yakapatsanurwa kuva masangano akawanda, ayo akagadzirisa mabasa episodic mukurwisana nePolvtsi neAlans.

Iko kare muna 1239 maMongolia akarwisa Southern Russia. MunaOctober, Chernigov akadonha. Matongo akaparadzwa Glukhov, Putivl, Rylsk. Muna 1240 mazita evahedheni vakakomba ndokutora Kiev. Nenguva isipi Galich akanga akamirira zvakafanana. Mushure mokupamba kiyi mizinda yeRussia, Batu akaita Ryurikovich vabati vake. Nokudaro yakatanga nguva yeGold Horde, iyo yakatora kusvika muzana remakore re XV. Imwe yekare yekare yakanzi ndiyo inonzi Vladimir. Vatongi vake vakagamuchira mvumo kubva kumaMongolia. Iko kuraira kunonyadzisa kwakavhiringidzwa chete nekukwira kweMoscow.

The European campaign

Kuparadza kweMongool kweRussi haina kuve yekupedzisira kumushandirapamwe weEurope. Vachienderera mberi nerwendo rwavo kumavirazuva, vahedheni vakasvika kumiganhu yeHungary nePoland. Vamwe machinda eRussia (saMikhail Chernigov) vakatizira kumadzimambo aya, vachikumbira rubatsiro kubva kumadzimambo eKaturike.

Muna 1241, vaMongol vakatora ndokupamba maguta ePoland eZaviost, Lublin, Sandomierz. Krakow yaiva yekupedzisira kuwira. Mapurisa echiPolish aikwanisa kubvunza rubatsiro rwevaJalimane uye mauto echiKaturike. Sangano rekubatana kwemauto aya rakakundwa muHondo yeLegnica. Muhondo, Krakow mukuru Henry II akafa.

Hungary ndiyo nyika yekupedzisira kutambura kubva kumaMongolia. Kupfuura kweCarpathians neTransylvania, vashanduri vakaparadza Oradea, Temesvar naBistritsa. Mumwe musungwa weMongolian akafamba nomumoto weWallachian nemunondo. Hondo yechitatu yakasvika kumahombekombe eDanube ndokutora nhare yeAradhi.

Nguva yose iyi yeHungary King Bela IV yaiva muPest, kwaaive achivaka hondo. Hondo yakatungamirirwa naBatu pachake yakasangana naye. MunaEpril 1241, mauto maviri akarwisana muhondo muRwizi Shaino. Bela IV yakakundwa. Mambo wacho akatizira kune imwe nzvimbo yeAustria, uye maMongol akapfuurira kupamba nyika dzeHungary. Batu akatotanga kuedza kuyambuka Danube nekurwisa Umambo Hutsvene hweRoma, asi pakupedzisira akarega chirongwa ichi.

Kuenda kumavirazuva, maMongolia akapinda muCroatia (aivewo weHungary) ndokuparadza Zagreb. Mapoka avo ekufambisa mberi akasvika pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa reAdriatic. Uyu waiva muganhu wekuwedzera kweMongolia. Nomads havana kubatana neCentral Europe kune simba ravo, vachigutsikana nekupamba kwenguva refu. Mitsara yeGood Horde yakatanga kudarika Dniester.