Vanakomana Genghis Khan. Batu Khan - mwanakomana Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan aiva muvambi uye Great Khan of Mongol Empire. Iye vakabatana vakaparadzirwa madzinza, vakaronga rutsigiro rwemauto muCentral Asia, Eastern Europe, kuCaucasus uye China. zita chairo mutongi - Temujin. Pashure porufu rwake, vadyi venhaka vanova vanakomana Genghis Khan. Dzakawedzera zvikuru nharaunda reruwa. An mupiro yakatokura kuti miganhu chikwata akaita muzukuru Kesari - Batu - muridzi Golden Horde.

mutongi unhu

Zvinyorwa zvose, izvo zvinogona dzinoratidzwa Genghis Khan, vakasikwa pashure porufu rwake. Zvikuru kukosha pakati pavo "Secret History". In Zvinyorwa izvi tsanangudzo aripo uye pakuonekwa mutongi. Akanga akareba, ane bumbiro simba, yakakura huma uye refu ndebvu. Mukuwedzera, uye akarondedzera unhu hwake. Khan akabva vanhu, zvichida haana kunyorwa mutauro uye ehurumende nemasangano. Naizvozvo Mongol mutongi asina dzidzo. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kumutadzisa kuva unyanzvi wehondo. unyanzvi Kwesangano kukabatanidzwa pamwe nechivimbo uye indomitable kuda. Genghis Khan aiva noushamwari uye norupo zvokuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kuponesa rudo neshamwari dzake. Iye zvinomudzora ari mafaro, asi panguva iyoyo havana kuziva eChechi kuti aisagona pamwe basa rake somunhu uto mutungamiri uye mutongi. Sezvo mabhuku, Khan akararama kusvika akwegura, ukaramba nepfungwa mano avo zvizere.

venhaka

Mumakore okupedzisira Makore oupenyu mutongi anonetseka kwazvo pamusoro njodzi umambo hwake. Chete vamwe vanakomana Genghis Khan aiva nekodzero kutora nzvimbo yake. Ari mutongi aiva nevana vakawanda, vari vose vaiona kuti pamutemo. Asi vanakomana kubva wake Borte mana chete kuti vave vadyi venhaka. Vana ava zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva mumwe uye chimiro unhu uye mafungiro. Mwanakomana mukuru Genghis Khan akaberekwa nguva pfupi pashure adzoka Borte Merkit pakutapwa. mumvuri wake agara vakatevera mukomana. ndimi zvakaipa uye kunyange mwanakomana Genghis Khan, ane zita rechipiri pashure uchaburuka munhoroondo yacho Mongol hwacho, akadana pachena kwaari "Merkit Geek". Amai nguva dzose akadzivirira mwana. Muchiitiko chino, Genghis Khan pachake nguva dzose amuziva sezvo mwanakomana wake. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukomana nguva dzose mhosva illegitimacy. Kamwe Jagatai (mwanakomana Chingizkhana wechipiri mutsivi) rakazaruka riri pamberi mukoma paakadana baba. Makakatanwa anenge kwakawedzera kurwira chaiye.

Jochi

Mwanakomana Genghis Khan, akaberekwa pashure Merkit pakutapwa, ane dzimwe dzose. Ivo, zvikurukuru, richiratidzwa maitiro ake. Sustainable mapatani kuti yakaonekwa mariri, yakasiyana chaizvo baba vake. Somuenzaniso, Genghis Khan haana kuziva kuti vavengi chinhu chakadai tsitsi. Aigona siya chete vana vaduku vapenyu vakanga gare gare adopts Oelun (mai vake), uyewo Bagaturov akashinga uyo akatora Mongolian citizenship. Jochi nekusiyana, inozivikanwa nomutsa uye vanhu. Somuenzaniso, panguva yokukomba Gurganj Khorezmians kuti zvachose dzikaziya nehondo, takakumbirwa kuti kutora mapfumo pasi yavo, kuti tsitsi akavasiya vapenyu. Jochi akataura kutsigira pavo, asi Khan ave categorically vakaramba vakadaro kuroorwa. Somugumisiro kukombwa ravarwi guta zvishoma kuchekwa, uye akanga nemafashamo mvura Amu DARYA.

nezvorufu

Kusanzwisisa hwakagadzwa pakati pababa nemwanakomana, nguva dzakawedzerwa nemashoko makuhwa uye anonyengera kwehama. Nokufamba kwenguva, kurwisana kwakawedzera uye kwakakonzera kwaita inogona kuenderera chivimbo muna mutongi kuti mugari wenhaka yake yokutanga. Khan vakatanga kufungidzira kuti Jochi anoda kuva nevakawanda pamwe akakunda marudzi kuti vakazoroorwa kuparadzana kuMongolia. Vanyori venhau chokwadi kana kuti ndiye here mugari wenhaka kuti kutsvaka. Kunyange zvakadaro, pakutanga 1227 pamwe akatyoka musana Jochi akawanikwa akafa murenje, uko zvaitsvakwa. Chokwadi, baba vake aiva asiri munhu chete vaizobatsirwa rufu mugari wenhaka uye vakanga mikana kuputsa hwake.

Mwanakomana Genghis Khan rechipiri

Zita mugari wenhaka aizivikanwa madenderedzwa pedyo Mongol choushe. Kusiyana mukoma akafa, akanga hwokuratidza nehasha, Executive uye kunyange mumwe utsinye. zvinhu izvi uye vakabatsira kuti Chagatai akagadzwa "mutarisiri Yasa." Nzvimbo iyi zvakafanana pambiru Chief Justice kana Attorney General. Chagatai nguva dzose zvachose vakatevera murayiro, akanga asina ngoni pamusoro Vanotyora mutemo.

The mugari wenhaka wechitatu

Vashomanana munoziva zita mwanakomana Genghis Khan, akanga rakatevera munhu anopikisa kuti chigaro. Vaiva Ogedei. Wekutanga wechitatu vanakomana Genghis Khan vakanga vakaita vatambi. Ogedei zvakare hwokuratidza kushivirira uye mutsa vanhu. Zvisinei, ayo inoti aiva chido dzinovhima murenje uye kunwa neshamwari. , Rimwe zuva raenda kuti pamwe rwendo, Chagatai uye Ogedei akaona Muslim uyo azvishambidze nemvura. Maererano netsika dzechitendero, vakatendeka ose vanofanira kanoverengeka pazuva kunyengetera uye tsika kugeza. Asi zviito izvi vairambidzwa ne Mongol tsika. Tsika haabvumirwi apo ablutions zvose yose yezhizha. The eMongolia vaidavira kuti Washing mune mudziva kana rwizi chinhu mabhanan'ana, iyo ngozi chaizvo nokuti vafambi murenje. Naizvozvo, zviito izvi zvaionekwa sevanhu kukanganisa upenyu kwavari. Pemauto (nuhury) utsinye uye mutemo Muslim Chagatai akabata. Ogedei, zvichireva kuti mutadzi acharasikirwa musoro, akatuma munhu wake kwaari. Mutumwa aifanira kutaura muMuslim kuti zvichipomerwa akadonha ndarama mumvura uye vamutsvaka ikoko (kugara mupenyu). Mutadzi uye Chagatai akati. Izvi zvakateverwa murayiro nuhuram kuwana mari mumvura. Druzhinnik Ugadei akakanda mumvura goridhe. Mari yakawanikwa uye vakadzokera Muslim se "pamutemo" wayo. Ogedei pokusiyana kununura, akatora tsama goridhe kubva muhomwe yake, dzikavatambidza kumunhu. Zvisinei, akanyevera vechiMuslim kuti kana nguva inotevera achadonha mari mumvura, akanga asiri kutsvaka izvozvo, musaputsa murayiro.

chechina mutsivi

Gotwe Genghis Khan, sezvinoratidzwa Chinese manyuko, akaberekwa muna 1193. Panguva ino, baba vake mujeri Jurchen. Akagara ipapo kusvikira 1197. Panguva ino, kubiridzira Borte rwaivapo. Zvisinei, Genghis Khan akaziva mwanakomana wake Tolui. Panyaya iyi, sokuti mwana akanga zvikuru Mongolian chitarisiko. Vanakomana vose Genghis Khan ine maitiro ayo. Asi Tolui hunhu akanga paakavapa soro matarenda. Aikudzwa nokuda soro tsika simba, zvinhu zvadzinoita zvinoshamisa pamusoro murongi uye mutungamiri. Tolui aizivikanwa murume ane rudo uye ane anokudzwa murume. Akaroora mwanasikana wemufi Wang Khan (musoro Kerait). Iyewo, aiva muKristu. Tolui kugona kubvuma chitendero wake. Sezvo Genghis Khan, anofanira vanozviti kutenda madzitateguru avo - Bon. Mukadzi wake Tolui kwete chete kubvumirwa kutumira zvose zvakakodzera tsika dzechiKristu mu "chechi" Yurt, asiwo kutora mamongi uye vapristi kutakura. Pokufa akatsiva rechina Genghis Khan pasina kupamhidzira kunzi umhare. Kuti aponese Ugadei vanorwara, Tolui zvinozvipira akatora simba mushonga waizoita nevashamani. Saka, achibvisa chirwere kubva mukoma wake, akatsvaka kuswedera kwaari.

venhaka Board

Vanakomana vose Genghis Khan aiva nekodzero yokutonga umambo. Mushure mekushandisa Mukoma akasiya vatsivi matatu. Pashure pokufa kwababa vake kusvikira sarudzo itsva Khan ulus vakakwanisa Tolui. Muna 1229 akabata Kurultai. Pane akasarudzwa maererano kuda mambo, mutongi mutsva. Vakava kushivirira uye akapfava Ogedei. wenhaka ichi sezvo zvakataurwa pamusoro, zvakasiyana mutsa. Zvisinei, unhu uhwu haisi nguva dzose kubatsira hwomubati. Paaiita utungamiriri kwake Khanate ulus simba chaizvo. Administration kwaiitwa zvikurukuru tichiregeredza nehasha Chagatai uye unyanzvi nedzenyu kuburikidza Tula. The chaizvo chete Ogedei pachinzvimbo paruzhinji nhau, vaifarira Anovadzungairisa Western Mongolia, kuvhima neromutambo.

vazukuru

Vakazozvinzwisisa nendima siyana ulus kana zvinokosha zvinzvimbo. Wedangwe mwanakomana Jochi - Horde-Yicheng, akaenda White Horde. Nzvimbo iyi iri pakati muhomba uye Irtysh Tarbagatay (Semipalatinsk nhasi). Next aiva Batu. mwanakomana Genghis Khan vakamusiya nhaka Yechinwiwa Horde. Sheibani (wechitatu mutsivi) aivimba Sinyaya Orda. Ulus vabati dzinounzwa sevarwi 1-2 zviuru. Panguva iyoyowo nhamba mauto Mongolian ipapo yakasvika 130 zviuru. People.

Batu

Maererano mabhuku Russian, inozivikanwa se Batu Khan. Mwanakomana Genghis Khan, uyo akafa muna 1227, makore matatu risati apinda nhaka Kipchak inowanzorimwa, chikamu Caucasus, Russia uye Crimea, uyewo Khorezm. Mugari wenhaka ari mutongi afa, vane chete chikamu Khorezm uye Asian steppes. Mugore 1236-1243-ies. It maiva pani-Mongol kurwisa kuMadokero. Rakanga inotungamirwa Batu. Mwanakomana Genghis Khan akapa mudyi wenhaka yake zvimwe hunhu husina. Zvinotisimbisa pane zita romusere rokuti Bhattacharjee Khan. Maererano neimwe shanduro, zvinoreva "hunhu hwakanaka." Mambo akanga remadunhu- ichi Batu. Mwanakomana Genghis Khan akafa, sezvo yave akati, kuva chete chiduku chikamu nhaka yake. . Somugumisiro mushandirapamwe zvavakaita 1236-1243-ies, vakatamira Mongolia: kumadokero chikamu Polovtsian inowanzorimwa, North Caucasus uye Volga avanhu, uye Volga Bulgaria. Kanoverengeka dzichitungamirirwa Batu mauto vakarwisa Russia. In mishandirapamwe dzavo Mongol mauto yakasvika nechepakati Europe. Frederick II, uyo panguva iyoyo aiva mambo weRoma, vakaedza kuronga kurwisa. Apo Baty akatanga kuudza kuteerera, akapindura kuti aigona kuva falconer Khan. Kwemotokari Zvisinei, kumboitika pakati mauto. Vamwe nguva akazogara Batu Sarai-Batu, pamahombekombe ari Volga. Nzendo kuna West Hauchabatsiri vakaita.

unosimbisa ulus

Muna 1243 Batu akadzidza Ugadei rufu. hondo yake vakatamira kune Lower Volga. Heino musimboti mutsva Jochi Ulus yakatangwa. Kagan Giiyuk (mumwe Ugadei venhaka) akasarudzwa kuti Kurultai 1246. Aiva muvengi venguva yakareba Batu. Muna 1248 Giiyuk akafa, uye muna 1251 akasarudzwa gavhuna wechina akavimbika Munch, European campaigner pamwe 1246 ne 1243 kutsigira itsva Khan Batu akatuma Berke (munin'ina wake) nehondo yake.

Relations nemachinda Rus '

Muna 1243-1246 gg. zvose vatongi Russian akatora vajairira of Mongol Empire uye Golden Horde. Jaroslav Vsevolod (Prince Vladimir) kwave kuchizivikanwa sezvo mukuru Russia. Iye akava busted muna 1240 maererano eMongolia Kiev. Muna 1246 Batu Yaroslav anamira pamusoro Kurultai muna Karakorum somumiririri mvumo. Pane muchinda Russian chepfu vatsigiri Guyuk. Mihail Chernigovsky akaurayiwa muna Golden Horde nokuda chokwadi kuti akaramba kuenda mutende Khan pakati moto maviri. EMongolia mukafunga kuti ane vavariro yakaipa. Alexander Nevsky uye Andrew - Vanakomana Yaroslav - uyewo akaenda Horde. Kusvika imomo Karakorum, vomuzana Novgorod uye Kiev, uye wechipiri - the Vladimir hugota. Andrew, kuedza kurwisa eMongolia, akapinda kubatana yakasimba apo muchinda kumaodzanyemba Russia - Galicia. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuri kuitwa vanhu eMongolia muna 1252, hondo pakati Horde inotungamirwa Nevryuya yakahwina Yaroslav uye Andrew. Batu akaisa yokudimbudzira musi Vladimir Alexandrov. Daniil Galitsky inovaka ukama dzaro Batu siyanei nzira. Akadzingira Horde Baskakov mumaguta avo. Muna 1254, akakunda hondo rinotungamirirwa Kuremsy.

Karokorumskie nyaya

Mushure sarudzo muna 1246 Guyuk sezvo Khan Great aiva mahwanda pakati pavanakomana Chagatai uye Ugadei uye venhaka vamwe vaviri vanakomana Genghis Khan. Giiyuk akaenda munhimbe pamusoro Batu. Zvisinei, muna 1248, panguva apo mauto ake ndokugara Transoxiana, akafa pakarepo. Maererano nerimwe shanduro, akanga muchetura nevatsigiri Munch uye Batu. First zvakazova mutongi mutsva Mongol ulus. Muna 1251 Batu Khan akatuma uto inotungamirwa Burundai pasi Ortar kubatsira Munch.

zvizvarwa

Batu vatsivi vaiva: Sartak, Toucan, uye Ulaghchi Abukan. Wokutanga aiva muteveri chitendero chechiKristu. Sartak mwanasikana akaroorwa Gleb Vasilkovich uye mwanasikana akava mudzimai muzukuru Batu St. Theodore Black. In michato izvi zviviri vakaberekwa uye Beloziorskiy Yaroslavskie vatongi (azvaitwa).