Culture weRussia 10-13 emakore. Kukosha kuitwa chiKristu

Akaramba kuti zvevakomana, mabhuku nezvoUmambo peculiarities pakati paumbwe hurumende, chii chaiva tsika Russia yekare. 10-13 remakore, vakaita basa rinokosha pakuita kukura nokure munyika yomudzimu. Izvi kwaiva nguva inotungamirwa uye ndakajeka pamusoro feudalism. Culture weRussia yakaumbwa pachishandiswa nokubudirira aripo zvino marudzi uye akararama kwavari Sarmatians uye vaSitiya. Chokwadi, nyikadzimu mumwe rudzi uye nharaunda racho pachako uye rakanga pasi pokudzora nawo anoti.

Chitendero chitsva

Zvakaoma kuona kukosha kuitwa chiKristu. Byzantium aiva simba guru pamusoro pokumuka upenyu hwevanhu pakunamata. With kuitwa chitendero chitsva muna 988, gore nayo yaisanganisira tsika rekare rechiGiriki budiriro. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kukura nokure simba uye necheSalvic zvechihedheni pakunamata. Pasinei kuitwa kutenda itsva yakapfuurira kurarama munyika dzakawanda. NecheSalvic zvechihedheni richiratidzwa zvinenge zvose mabhora muupenyu. Maitiro kubvisa kwakaitika nomuzvarirwo. Zvisinei, vakaedza kusimbisa kutenda mutsva, kuti nyore, pedyo vanhu, tsanangura kuti zvinorehwa kuitwa chiKristu. Church vakatanga kuvaka pamusoro dzine temberi vakanga yaiva kare. Saka kutenda chitsva rakapinda zvenyaya deification hwezvisikwa. Vamwe vatsvene anonzi basa vanamwari vekare. Zvemamiriro upenyu Byzantium zvomudzimu vave rakadzokororwa uye akagamuchira yakananga, National siyana. Of navo zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kutora kuumba mutsva tsika Russia. "10-13 remakore akapa vhangeri uye tsika" - saka akanyora gare gare Pushkin. Kuvimba warwo nemakore netsika, vanatenzi vakakwanisa kuumba gwara itsva. Russia akakukomborera reEurope tsika, muchiso itsva, inoitika chete siyana naye temberi, mifananidzo kupenda, imwe mhando emifananidzo. Havafaniri kuva vakavhiringidzika pamwe Byzantine, pasinei pachena ukama kuona mutauro.

Architecture of Ancient Russia

10-13 remakore aiva Watershed kukura mapurani. Kwenguva refu, nyika yakanga "emapuranga". Towers, imba, chapero, - zvose yakavakwa huni. Izvi zvinhu vanatenzi vakaratidza Maonero avo zvinoenderana uye kuvaka runako dzedunhu zvisikwa. netsika rose Russia akatanga kushandura pamwe kuitwa Byzantine chitendero. 10-13 remakore yaiva nguva achichinja kubva emapuranga kusvika ibwe mamiriro. chiitiko kwakadaro kwakanga ndisipo muWestern Europe, sezvo vanhu vari kugara mariri, aigara yakavakwa namabwe. Russian yemapuranga akitekicha aiita zvakawanda siyana zvivako, kuvapo outbuildings siyana, paberere, kuchinja, inomira, shongwe uye shongwe. Zvakanga zvetsika uye kuveza. Nokupesvedzera Byzantine yebudiriro kuvakwa tsika yachinja Russia zvikuru. 10-13 remakore aizivikanwa kuvakwa kukereke muenzaniso muchinjikwa rising temberi Greek. Zvivako okutanga dzakavakwa zvichinyatso enderana Byzantine tsika. Yakavakwa muna Kiev Saint Sophia Cathedral atova zvinoratidza mubatanidzwa tsika Russian uye nechiGiriki. Panobva wekereke muchinjikwa domed akanga korona muzvitsauko gumi. Step Pyramid Council wakamutsiridzwa manyorero emapuranga mapurani. Gomo rakareba yakasvika panguva yaitonga mapurani Bogolyubsky.

dzidzo

Pane imwe padanho kukura kwenzanga kwaidiwa kuti zvinodiwa itsva vemo vari zvakadzama zvakakwana. Saka pane zvakanyorwa makore 10-13. MuRussia, Chokwadi, kare vanhu vaigona kutaura pfungwa dzavo papepa. Asi zveupfumi ukama vava yakaoma, paumbwe statehood. ezvinhu aya zvave rakatevera chokutambudzika, izvo akapfuura tsika kuRussia. 10-13 remakore yaiva yakaoma nguva kukura zvekushandisa kusimbisa uye kukurukura mazano, pfungwa uye nokuziva nzvimbo, Kuchengetedzwa uye diffusion Kureva nyikadzimu. Panguva ino, arufabheti akasikwa. chiitiko Its Rinobatanidzwa ne mazita Cyril naMethodius - the Byzantine mamongi mamishinari. Zvisinei, mabhuku anoratidza maviri arufabheti - Glagolitic uye Cyrillic. The gakava pamusoro mumwe akauya rekutanga refu zvakakwana. Nhasi zvinonzi vaiona chinhu chokwadi yakasimbiswa kuti Glagolitic arufabheti akasikwa ari 2nd yezana remakore rechi9, uye Cyrillic arufabheti yakabuda pakupera kwezana 9-10 emakore.

bhuku rokutanga

Zvikuru kuchinja upenyu hwevanhu zvokunamata aiva mabhuku 10-13 emakore. MuRussia, mabhuku akawanda vakaparadzwa panguva Mongol yaingopambwa uye vakawanda moto. Total rakaramba anenge 150 zvose aivapo kare. Mukuru anonzi "Evhangeri Ostrom". Rakanyorwa Gregory mudhikoni 1057, M Ostromir (Novgorod meya). A mukuru pamwero unyanzvi, izvo vakazadzwa mabhuku zvasvika nguva yedu kutaura streamlined kugadzirwa zvinyorwa kare muzana remakore rechi11, pamusoro zvakanaka anosimbisa nguva yavo nounyanzvi drafting. Books akanga akakopwa kunyanya dzemamongi.

kunyora nokuverenga

Muzana remakore rechi12 ndege rewriting hwakatamisirwa guta. The kuwanika makuru nemisha "bhuku descriptor" rinoratidza kupararira kuverenga pakati yevagari. Rinoratidzawo kuwedzera kudiwa mumabhuku. Pakati 39 vanyori anozivikanwa, 15 chete vaiva nhengo vafundisi. Vamwe havana zvinoratidza kuwadzana nekereke. Zvisinei, pasinei kupararira kuverenga muna mumadhorobha dzoga, chikuru bhuku centre yakaramba dzemamongi, pasi chinenge okudhindira kuvhiyiwa. Vakashanda zvachose zvikwata Vaikopa. Uyezve, Mumusangano izvi vaiita rokunyora yaMakoronike.

Russia Art

10-13 remakore, pakataurwa kukura vehondo, anoparadza enyika uye miganhu kubatana munyika. Pokuwa ehurumende waiva mugumisiro amplification pakati matunhu makuru, zvoupfumi mumaguta. Recent vakava nzvimbo itsva akazvimiririra dzenyika uye akatsvaka kuzvimirira enyika. Kuratidza kwavo basa uye simba kuti maguta akawanda akava unyanzvi. 10-13 remakore muRussia vaiva dzinoratidzwa paumbwe kuzivikanwa kumatunhu munyika. mavambo yavo uvete wemishonga hwounhu omunharaunda uye netsika Kiev.

mifananidzo

Unyanzvi wekare Russia , rakavapo muna Ages munharaunda. Sezvo West uye East, ichi muitiro yainyanya mukereke. Zvinonzi refracted kuburikidza prism kuti maonero roupenyu chiKristu, uchengete iconography. Vamwe icon pakati Vladimir-Suzdal vanatenzi pakati remakore rechi12, zvakafanana nemanyorero kuna Kiev, akasikwa remakore rechi11. mabasa awa Somuenzaniso, ichisanganisira elongated mufananidzo "Deesis" kubva kubvuma Cathedral. With unyanzvi Kiev vemifananidzo zvakabatanidzwa uye vakakurumbira Yaroslavl Orans. Its akakura uye anoshamisa mufananidzo pedyo ayo zvikuru Kiev mosaics. Yaroslavl Oranta kuvake chakafanana dzakarongwa DM. Tesaronika. It akauyiswa achibva Dmitrov. Icon Izvi zvakasiyana symmetry, kakawanda, uye "sculptural" Modelling chiedza ruvara rweganda.

mumhanzi

A nzvimbo inokosha muupenyu Russian yakapiwa nziyo uye vachitamba. Music akaperekedza vanhu mishandirapamwe, mu mabasa, pensions vakanga chinokosha mhemberero uye mitambo. akakurumbira pakati zviridzwa zvaiva ngoma (yokufukidza, ngoma), nendarira (kwehwamanda, nyanga, mutopota, zhaleyka), hungiso (mbira). On akakurumbira Pamifananidzo muSt Sophia Cathedral chinoratidza musicians uye vachitamba. Zvinofanira akati kuti panosvika uye nokushandisa zviridzwa zvakanga zvakasiyana. Sepombi Somuenzaniso, akaita se zvichikurukura kunoreva kuvhima. Makandira nemitengeramwa zvakashandiswa oga kana mumhanzi pamitambo uye kufara. Mune dzimwe manyuko zvichiratidza zvakakwana mangwanani chitarisiko nziyo dzakarekodwa. Izvi chaizvo akakurudzirwa kuitwa chiKristu. Pamwe nokuimba nokunamata. It akaenda parwendo zvikuru akaanyora kuimba mabhuku. Kwakadaro manyoro musi kubvira muzana remakore rechi12. Mavari, kunze minamato magwaro, panewo Musical notation "nezvikokovonho" uye "mireza".

Zvirimo uye kutungamirirwa kukura pakunamata

Zvaraireva, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti enhoroondo netsika kwacho Russia yakanga yakavakirwa zvavo unyanzvi. Zvazova panobva uye pokutangira pakukura kwevanhu pakunamata. Mune ezvinhu feudal kusabatana, unokuvadza kurwiswa nevavengi wokumwe Russia akaratidza pachena tsika okugadzira zvinhu vanhu. Iye akaramba uye akwanise kukura ehurumende. Culture Russia zvinoratidza chiedza kunzwa yekutarisira, izvozvo anoita somunhu simba anosimbisa upenyu-. Creative mabasa vanhu vaigara mune feudal munguva, dzinoratidzwa:

• Firm kudavira kuti unyoro achazvikomborera kukunda zvakaipa.
• Beauty zvechiuto uye basa zvakapembererwa.
• High zvetsika uye kwamachinda.
• Rusina udyire nokuti nyika yavo.
• Hariperi yakanaka yokufara.
• Deep nhetembo.
• Tags pakusarudza zvetsika upenyu mananara, kururama uye dzakanaka inofungidzirwa ayo.

izvi unhu vose Russian vanhu muchimiro mumwe kana mumwe rakasiyana akaratidza kwete chete mumabhuku Ages Russia, asiwo kuzvidhori, Pamifananidzo, mapurani, uye mumhanzi.

achifurira zvinhu

Kukura Russia 10-13 ari mutsika. It akaratidza hunhu ichi panguva kuzvipokanidza uye dzose. Vanovata dzemari, dzemagariro, uye zvematongerwo enyika pezvakaitwa kwakaitika hurumende. A nzira inoshandiswa iyo aivapo kana feudal ezvinhu, dzinoratidzwa mamwe Rumhangapanga kuwedzera kugadzirwa mauto. Nokuti kwakanyorwa hwokuratidza voga rwokuzvarwa upfumi. Zvakanga asi havaratidzi dzakabudirira exchange. izvi zvose DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA tsika kukura, ndinosika zvipingamupinyi kuti paumbwe peculiarities omunharaunda uye tsika. Zvikuru kuchinja upenyu vanhu pakunamata aiva wechiTatar-Mongol nechisimba.

mhedziso

Chokwadi, zvikuru nokuti Russian tsika aiva predominance dzechitendero dzidziso. A basa, kunyanya mukutanga Middle Ages, vaiva muchechi. Iye zvakonzerawo kupararira kwedzidzo, kukura mifananidzo, mapurani kuvandudzika. Panguva iyo kereke nokungwarira zvakaipa uye vakarwira kwavo dzidziso. Iye vaivavenga itsva tsika nemiitiro. Church akaumba chipingamupinyi kuti kukura nesayenzi, kuvandudzika unyanzvi ruzivo. Kunyange zvakadaro, tsika nebudiriro Ages Russia dzinokosha tsika ehurumende. Ndivo chikamu National nhaka, ukuru uye nokubwinya vanhu.