Aripiko International Standard kilogram?

Kururama haisi okushamisira. Ndokusaka munyika yose uye akasika kwegadziriro kukura dzakawanda, kwakunoitwa mitemo yose anozivikanwa kukura munhu. mureza kilogram chete iri dzinounzwa mumutsara dzakabatana. Pashure pezvose, iye chete ane utano chaicho kumumvuri. Chii uremu uye International Standard kilogram akaramba munyika, isu achapindura munyaya ino.

Sei tichida zvinodiwa?

Kilogram, akadai maranjisi, anoyera chete muAfrica uye muRussia? Mhinduro iri - hongu, anenge. Uye kuvonga zvose dzomunyika hurongwa Pakusarudza bhuku mureza kilogram, meter, wechipiri, uye dzimwe parameters chaiko. Kuyerwa zvinodiwa zvakakodzera kuti vanhu kuitira upfumi basa (zvokutengeserana) uye kuvakwa (kubatana vanodhirowa), maindasitiri (kubatana alloys) uye netsika (kubatana nguva cheap car insurance), uye vamwe minda zhinji. Uye kana iri pedyo ramangwana nokuvhuna iPhone yako, zvingangoita kuti zvakaitika izvi nokuda kuchinja uremu huru vakawanda mureza.

History mitemo

Mumwe Budiriro aiva pachavo mitemo uye benchmarks, aro vakabudirira mumwe pashure emakore. MuIjipiti, mukanyiwa zvinhu kuyerwa muna Kantara kana kikkarah. MuGirisi yekare, yaiva tarenda uye madrakema. Uye muna Russia, mukanyiwa vezvinhu akayera mu poods kana spools. Asi vanhu vakaita zvakasiyana zveupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika vakatenderana kuti chairema nokuyerwa kurema, urefu, kana zvimwe parameters achava akafanana chete chibvumirano chimwe. Chii kunakidza, kunyange Peck kare aigona siyana achishandisa wechitatu kubva vatengesi vanobva munyika dzakasiyana.

Physics nemitemo

Zvakarongwa kazhinji kutukana uye contingent vakashanda kusvikira nguva yakadai munhu hauna kuita zvesayenzi chakakomba uye ouinjiniya basa. With kunzwisisa mitemo wefizikisi uye kemisitiri, kukura bhizimisi uye kusikwa hwemvura bhaira uye kukura dzakawanda dzaishandiswa pane kudiwa yakarurama yunifomu mitemo. Preparatory basa rakanga refu uye rakaoma. Yefizikisi, mathematicians, mishonga yose nyika vakashanda zvakaoma kuwana zvakasikwa mwero. Chokutanga - International Standard kilogram, nokuti kurema nechiyero dzinga vamwe panyama parameters (Amps, Volts, Watts).

chibvumirano of mita

A chiitiko chinokosha chakaitika munyika Mafuro kuParis muna 1875. Kokutanga, nyika 17 (uye Russia pakati pavo) akasaina Meter Convention. Zviri yemarudzi chibvumirano kuti anopa kubatana zvinodiwa. Today acceded nyika 55 sezvo azere nhengo uye 41 nhengo neshamwari kufanana. Panguva iyoyo akasimbisa International Bureau of muzviyereso uye International Committee kuti muzviyereso, chikuru basa iri kutevera kubatana Standardization yose.

Standards pagungano arşive rokutanga

Standard mamita rava mhuri chiwanikwa ose Platinum uye iridium (9 1) urefu makumi mana kusvikira chikamu chimwe Paris Meridian. Etalon kilogram zvakafanana chiwanikwa hwaienzanirana kuti vakawanda marita (cubic decimeters) emvura ari tembiricha of 4 Celsius (soro arambe achirema) pa mwero kumanikidzwa kukwira. Standard 1/86400 masekonzi yakava chikamu kureba Zvichakadaro zuva zuva. All 17 inoti mapato kugungano akatambira kopi mureza.

Location Z

Prototypes uye yepakutanga panotaurwa ikozvino zvakachengetwa Chamber of muzviyereso muna Sevres, pedyo Paris. Zviri weChicago Paris, uye ndiyo nzvimbo bhuku inochengeterwa kilogram mita candela (luminous kuchinyanya), ampere (ano), Kelvin (tembiricha) uye norwaivhi (sezvo chikwata fuma, hapana mumuviri panotaurwa). , Negadziriro muzviyereso, iyo inobva matanhatu bhuku rinonzi International System vezvikwata (SI). Asi nhoroondo zvinodiwa ichi hachisi pamusoro, hazvina uchangotanga.

SI

Negadziriro mitemo kuti tinoshandisa - SI (SI), kubva French Systeme International d'Unites - zvinosanganisira chawo muzvikamu nomwe. mita ichi (urefu), makirogiramu (uremu), ampere (ano) candela (luminous kuchinyanya), Kelvin (tembiricha), mol (uwandu nenhumbi). All zvimwe zvinooneka zvakawanda zviri kuwanikwa siyana masvomhu vachishandisa dzinokosha dzakabatana. Somuenzaniso, imwe chairema simba wakaenzana makirogiramu X M / s ^2. All nyika, kunze United States, Nigeria uye Myanmar, uchishandisa SI maitiro yakayerwa, izvo zvinoreva achienzanisa asingazivikanwi kwazvo pamwe mureza. A mureza - vakaenzana mumuviri tsika, izvo zvose vakatenderana kuti zvachose yakarurama.

Mureza ndiwo nepondo sei vakawanda?

Zvingava nyore - mureza 1 kg ndiyo kurema 1 fő mvura. Asi chokwadi ichi hachisi chokwadi. Chii kuti vomureza kilogram vanenge 80 prototypes - mubvunzo iwayo kunzwisisa. Asi mukana yakanakisisa Ipfungwa chiwanikwa sezvamunoita akasarudzwa, urwo rwakatora makore anopfuura 100. Standard kilogram uremu yakagadzirwa ane chiwanikwa kuti Platinum (90%) uye iridium (10%), uye humburumbira ane dhayamita akaenzana pakakwirira uye 39,17 millimeters. Vakanga vaita isingadhuri yezvifananidzo yake, nhamba zvidimbu 80. Makopi mureza kilogram Ivo dziri munyika pokuita Convention. Asi chikuru panotaurwa anochengeterwa Mafuro Paris uye vakashumira vatatu chisimbiso Kamudzira. Pose mureza kilogram, pane zvikamu mutambo rokuyananisa inokosha yemarudzi chiero mune gumi.

The huru chiero

The International Standard kilogram chikakandirwa 1889 uye kunochengetwa Sevres muFrance mune yakachengeteka reInternational Bureau of muzviyereso, akafukidza zvitatu zvakasimba nguwani regirazi. Mazano kubva yakachengeteka kuti kune vatatu chete nechinzvimbo chepamusoro Bureau. Pamwe huru chiero iri yakachengeteka zviri uye alternates ake vatanhatu kana vatsivi. Gore negore, chikuru mwero uremu kuti rakundwa sezvo mureza kilogram, kwazvo akabvisa kuongororwa. Uye nerimwe gore kwava wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose uye wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose. Chikonzero ichi uremu - mharidzo kuparadzana maatomu panguva dzokubudisa.

Russian version

A kopi mureza iri Russia. Akaramba ari Research Institute of Metrology. Mendeleev muSt Petersburg. Ava vaviri Platinum-iridium kumumvuri - № 12 uye nhamba 26. Vari iri mujinga Goldstone, akafukidza miviri magirazi domes uye akafukidza simbi yakachengeteka. mhepo tembiricha mukati Kamudzira 20 ° C, mwando 65%. Domestic kumumvuri ane uremu 1 000 000 087 makirogiramu.

Standard kilogram ari kurasikirwa uremu

Verification vomureza kwakaratidza kuti rakarurama National tsika Unorudzi 2 micrograms. Vose vari vakaramba pasi ezvinhu akafanana, uye Masvomhu anoratidza kuti mureza kilogram zana makore kurasikirwa uremu 3 x 10 ^-8 uremu. Zvisinei, nokuda tsanangudzo, mukanyiwa weInternational mureza zvakafanana 1 kilogram, uye chero kuchinja chaiyo mukanyiwa mureza kutungamirira kuti achinje zvinokosheswa makirogiramu. Muna 2007, zvakava pachena kuti kilogram humburumbira akatanga nokuyera 50 micrograms zvishoma. Zvino rutapudzo waro uremu mberi.

michina New uye mwero chiyero mutsva uremu

Kubvisa zvikanganiso zviri kutsvaka itsva nemamiriro mureza kilogram. Pane zviitiko zviri tsanangudzo vomureza imwe yakawanda nesilicon-28 isotope. Pane chirongwa "Electronic kilogram." The National Institute of Standards uye Technology (2005, USA) akagadzira mudziyo inobva simba kuyerwa zvakafanira kuti uvhure remagetsi munda kuti anogona kumutsa 1 kg. Kururama kuyerwa dzakadaro - 99.999995%. Pane Kugadzirwa tsanangudzo vakawanda pachinhu mukanyiwa yacho Nyuturoni zororo. All zviitiko izvi uye ruzivo kuchabatsira ringabviswa tichisunga kuti mureza mumuviri guru kuzadzisa yepamusoro rakarurama uye nomukana rokuyananisa pose.

Other vaizotibata zvirongwa

Zvino nyika chiedza sayenzi anosarudza iyo nzira yokugadzirisa dambudziko zvikuru yakavimbika, iri nezvenzvimbo vaizotibata zvikuru chirongwa umo mukanyiwa hakuzochinji pamusoro nguva. In nezve ichi dai muviri cubical emaatomu ezvinhu kabhoni-12 isotope ane kukwirira 8.11 masendimita. kuutio Izvi zvichava 2250 x 281 489 633 12-kabhoni maatomu. Vanotsvakurudza vokuUnited States vane Standards uye Technology National Institute kupa kutsanangura mwero kilogram, achishandisa Planck airamba uye nzira E = mc ^ 2.

Modern arşive maitiro

Modern mitemo havasivo chete kuti aimbova kare. Pakutanga Meter correlated pamwe sekamufarenzi kuti nyika nhasi anoenderana daro kuti chiedza danda kunosvika mumwe 299792458 fung wechipiri. Asi rechipiri - iyi ndiyo nguva apo inopfuura 9192631770 vibrations yacho necesium atomu. Zvakanakira Quantum zvakarurama hazvisi pachena, nokuti anogona kuridzwa pose. Somugumisiro, chete mureza aripo panyama, chinoramba mureza kilogram.

How zvakawanda mureza?

Zvaakanga iripo kwemakore anopfuura 100, mureza ndiwo atova zvakawanda, ave pasi, uye rakasiyana nemamwe kwebhokisi. Kazhinji, kusarudza mutengo yakaenzana nhamba maatomu por kilogram yakaisvonaka. Nhamba yakatorwa sezvakarayirwa 25 nhamba uye izvi pasina kufungisisa pfungwa tsika yacho kwebhokisi. Asi apo kutengeswa mureza kilogram zvakare mangwanani, nekuti dzakawanda hakusati ndikabvisa chete akasara mumuviri mwero yemarudzi nyika dzakabatana.

Handizive pamusoro nezviyero

In zvose nguva munyika dzine yepasi nguva UTC kunotsanangurwa hama kuti yezvisikwa nguva (semuenzaniso, UTC + 4: 00). Zvinoshamisa, hapana abbreviations mu achiongorora zvaive nayo kushandisa muna 1970 neInternational Telecommunication Union. Two zvokusarudza zvaipirwa: Chirungu kucheka (kwakarongeka Time Universal) uye French tức (temps pour Universel Coordonné). We sarudza kwazvakarerekera avhareji chidimbu.

Sea akashandisa chipimo "raiva pedyo nebundu". Kuyera kumhanya chikepe vachishandisa inokosha lag pamwe nodes panguva iyoyo kure, riri akandwa mugungwa, uye uwandu nodes vakaverenga ari kupiwa nguva. Modern midziyo zvakawanda akaoma kupfuura tambo pamwe nokusunungura mapfundo, asi zita aramba.

Shoko akanyatsokopwa, kukosha izvo zvakanyanyisa nemazvo uye zvakarurama, zviri mumutauro zita rekare rechiGiriki uremu mureza - scruple. Akanga akaenzana 1.14 magiramu uye raishandiswa achirema mari.

Zita mari kazhinji zvinobva mazita uremu matanho. Saka, muna UK wakanaka sirivha inonzi mari uye mari yakadaro vaizoremerwa LBS 240. In yekare Rus run vakanga "Hryvnia sirivha" kana "ndarama Hryvnia" izvo zvinoreva imwe nhamba Mari, vakaratidza sezvo uremu yakaenzana.

Strange simba chipimo motokari horsepower ndiye mavambo zvikuru zvechokwadi. The muvambi of hwemvura injini Dzheyms Uayt akanga akatsunga kuratidza zvakanakira nokugadzirwa yacho traction motokari. Akaverenga zvakadini bhiza vangadzidza nhumbi panguva uye akasarudzwa sezvo nhamba imwe horsepower.