Chirungu nyuchi muNorth America. Countries - vaimbova mapoka Great Britain

Kune nhamba yakawanda yenhema uye nyaya dzevashandi vehondo vakashinga zvekutendeseka kwakasiyana, nguva refu Columbus asati ashanyira North America. Pakati pavo maiva vatongi veChina vaiuya muCalifornia maererano nezana remakore rechi5, uye veSpain, vePortugal, vaIrish vemamishinari nevashanyi avo vaiti vaishanyira nyika yacho mumakore ekuma 6, 7 ne9. Nzvimbo yeNorth America ndiyo mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemamiriyoni emamita. Km. Iyi nyika yakapfuma, zvakasikwa, yaiva chigamuchiro chakanaka kunyika dzakawanda.

Mashoko anonyanya kutendeseka ndeyezvinyorwa zvevashandi veNorway vaifamba vakashanyira nyika iyo muzana remakore 10-14. Asi nharaunda dzeNorman dzakawira mukuora pakangopera zana remakore rechi14, zvisingasiyi maitiro anooneka mune mutsika pakati pevanhu vemakwikwi eEurope neAmerica. Nenzira iyi, North America yakawanikwa zvakare muzana remakore rechi15. Pakupedzisira, vamwe veEurope vakaita izvi chaizvo neBritish.

Nzendo dzokutanga dzeBritish

Kuwanikwa kweBritain yeAmerica kwakaratidza kutanga kwerwendo rwaJohn Cabot (zvisinei kuti zita rake rinoratidzika seGiovanni Cabbotto kana Gabotto) uye Sebastian, mwanakomana wake, avo vainyatsotaura, kwete vaBritain, asi vaItaly vari mubasa reEngland. Ave agamuchira kubva kuna mambo maviri mapoka makuru, Cabot akazofanira kuwana nzira yegungwa inotungamirira kuChina. Sezviri pachena, muna 1497, akazosvika kumhenderekedzo yeRabrador (uko, nenzira, akasangana neEeskimos), uye, zvichida, Newfoundland, kwaakaonana navaIndia vemavara matsvuku .

Uyu waiva musangano wekutanga weEurope ane "redskins" yeNorth America muzana remakore rechi15. Muna 1498 mhirizhonga yeCabot yakasvika kumhenderekedzo yekondinendi iyi zvakare.

Mhedzisiro yekutanga yekubudirira kweiyi ndiko kuwanikwa kwehove dzakasvibirira dzinoshambadzira pamhenderekedzo yeNewfoundland yakatotaurwa kare. Izvo zvikepe zvehove zveEngland zvakabudiswa pano, nhamba yavo yaikura gore rose.

Kutanga kwekoloni

Kubatana kweNorth America kwakatanga muzana remakore rechi17. Panguva ino, veChirungu vakanga vatove vakwikwidzana pamberi pevaSpanish uye vaFrance, avo vakatsvaka kuunganidza nyika ino. Hurumende yeEngland yakatenda kuti Canada ndiyo yakasikwa yeBritain muAmerica, sezvo nyika yeCanada yakawanikwa nekufambisa kweCabot kwenguva refu pamberi peFrance. Kuedza kuwana zvinhu izvo zvakaitwa muzana remakore rechi16, asi hazvina kubudirira: VaBritish havana kuwana goridhe, uye vakasiya kuchengeta. Chekutanga kutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 mavhuroni ekutanga eChirungu akaonekwa. Vaiva varimi.

Nokudaro, zana remakore rechi17 rakanga riri danho rekutanga rekoloni yekondinendi iyi.

Ndiyo maChirungu okutanga asingagumi muNorth America muzana remakore rechi17

Capitalism muEngland yakakonzerwa zvikuru nekuda kwekubudirira kwekutengeserana kwenyika, uyewo kusikwa kwekambani dzebhizimisi dzekutengesa mumakoloni. Nechinangwa ichi, makambani maviri ekutengesa akaiswa, ane mari yakawanda: London (Varginskaya, kana South) uye Plymouth (North). Zvakanga zvakarongedzwa nekunyoresa kumakamuri. Tsamba dzeRoyland dzeEngland dzakatamirwa kudzira kwemafisi aya munyika dziri pakati pe 34 ne 41 ° kuchamhembe kwakadziva, uyewo zvisingadziviriri mukati meyo nyika. Britain yakaita sokuti ndima iyi yaiva yehurumende yayo, uye kwete kuvaIndia.

Virginia

Sir Hamilton Gilbert akagamuchira gwaro rekutanga rinogonesa kuvamba kweAmerica koloni. Asati agara uye achitanga basa, akafamba rwendo rwekutsvaga kuenda kuNewfoundland, asi munzira yekudzokera akarova. Nokudaro, kodzero dzeGilbert dzakapfuurira kuna Sir Walter Reilly, hama yake, waidiwa naMambokadzi Elizabeth. Muna 1584 akasarudza kuwana koni kumaodzanyemba kweCheesapeake Bay ndokuitumidza kuti Virginia (mukukudza "mhandara-mhandara") (kubva muLatin virgo - musikana). Mepu yeChirungu yeAmerica, saka, yakazadzikiswa neimwezve yega. Gore raitevera, rimwe boka revakoloni rakaenda kunogara mune imwe nzvimbo yeNorth Carolina, pachitsuwa cheRoanoke. Pakupera kwegore, vakadzokera kunyika yavo, nokuti nzvimbo yakasarudzwa yakanga ine ngozi kune utano. Pakati pevanyori ava vaiva John White, muimbi anozivikanwa. Akaunza mifananidzo yakawanda kubva kuhupenyu hweAlgoikins - kuIndia. Izvo zvichaitika kune rimwe boka, rakasvika muna 1587 muVirginia, hazvizivikanwi.

Imwe kambani yeVirginia yekutengeserana mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 yakagadzira purojekiti yekuumba koloni, yakasarudzwa naWalter Reilly. Kubva iri bhizimusi, mari yakawanda inotarisirwa. Pamitengo yayo pachake, kambani yakapa vatorwa vaitofanira kushanda kwemakore mana kusvika mashanu emhosva yavo.

Nzvimbo yekoni yakatangwa muna 1607 yakasarudzwa naJemstown, asi chisarudzo chakanga chisina kubudirira. Nzvimbo yacho yakanga isina kunaka, ine mishonga yakawanda, maruva. Mukuwedzera, vaBritish vakakurumidza kuva vavengi veIndia. Inosimbisa pamwe navo uye zvirwere mumwedzi mishomanana vati upenyu hwehutatu hwetatu hwevoloni.

Upenyu hwakarongwa nenzira yehondo. Vanyori vakaungana kaviri pazuva uye vakatumwa kunoshanda musango, manheru oga oga vakadzoka kuzodya uye kunamata muJemstown. John Rolf, uyo akatora "mukoma" Pocahontas, mwanasikana wemutungamiri wedzinza rePoles, akazviroora, kubva muna 1613 akatanga kukura fodya. Kubvira panguva iyo, chigadzirwa ichi chave chakave chiri chinhu chinokosha chekuwana mari yevakoloni uye neve Virgine company. Ikokupedzisira, kukurudzira kutamira kune dzimwe nyika, kwakavapa migove yenyika. Akashandisa mari yemugwagwa kubva kuEngland kuenda kuAmerica, varombo vakagamuchirawo mugove, wavakabhadhara mari yakasarudzwa.

Maryland naVirginia

Gare gare, muna 1624, apo Virginia (nharaunda yeNorth America) yakatanga kuonekwa seumambo, uye kutonga kwayo kwakapinda mumaoko ehurumende akagadzwa namambo, basa iri rakava mutero wemutero. Kunyanya kutamira kune varombo. Saka, kana muna 1640 vagari venharaunda yacho vaiva vagari 8 000, uye muna 1700 pakanga pane makumi manomwe zviuru. MuMadganis, imwe chikwata cheChirungu chakatangwa muna 1634, pakarepo mushure mekuvakirwa, Ishe Baltimore akapa varongi, vatengesi vakuru nevarimi vane nyika. Mepu yemazuva ano yeAmerica yakachengetedza mazita aya uye mamwe makoloni yenguva iyo sehurumende.

Vose Maryland neVirginia vakazvipira mukugadzirwa kwefodya uye saka vainyanya kuvimba nezvinhu zveBritish zvakatengeswa. Muminda mikuru yemakoloni aya, vashandi vakuru ndivo varombo vakatorwa kubva kuEngland. "Vashandi vakadikanwa," sezvavakadanwa, muzana remakore rechi17, vakave vazhinji vevakabva kune imwe nyika kuMadganland neVirginia.

Settlers

Basa ravo nekukurumidza, zvisinei, rakashandurwa nebasa revaranda vevaNegroes, kubva pahafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi17 richiendeswa kumaodzanyemba kweChirungu makoroni muNorth America. Bhuku rekutanga guru ravo rakapiwa muna 1619 kuVirginia.

Pakati pevoloni kubva muzana remakore rechi17 kwaivewo nevasununguka vakasununguka. Vaya "vafamberi" vakabva vaenda kuPlymouth nechokuchamhembe, chiChirungu, Puritans, vamwe vavo vaiva mahedheni avo vakatiza England kubva pakutambudzwa kwechitendero. MunaNovember 1620, ngarava nevafambi vaifamba kuCape Codu cape. Hafu yavo yakafa mukutanga kwechando, sezvo vatorwa, kunyanya mumaguta, vaisakwanisa kukudziridza nyika, kana kuvhima, kana hove. Chero chete nekubatsirwa kwevaIndia, avo vakadzidzisa vasvika kukura zviyo, vamwe vavo pakupedzisira vakapona uye kunyange vakakwanisa kubhadhara chikwereti chekufamba. Yakagadzirwa nevechikaturi kubva kuPlymouth, koni yacho yainzi New Plymouth.

Massachusetts

VaPuritan, avo vakadzvinyirirwa munguva yekutonga kweStuarts, vakagadzira Massachusetts coloni muNorth America muna 1628. Chechi yePuritan yakanga ine simba guru muhara ino. Vagari vomunharaunda vaingova nekodzero yekuvhota kana aive kereke uye aive nemashoko akanaka emuparidzi. Chete chikamu chechishanu chevarume vaiva nekodzero yekuvhota pasi peyi nzira.

Gare gare, panguva yeRussian Revolution, mepu yeBritish makoroni yakawedzera. Paiva nezvinhu zvitsva. Mumakoloni echiChirungu muNorth America akatanga kusvika, "Chevaliers" - vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, avo vaisada kumira nehurumende yakagadziriswa yehurumende munyika. Vakagara, kunyanya muVirginia, nechekumaodzanyemba.

Carolina

Vatariri vasere vaMambo Charles II muna 1663 vakagamuchira chipo chevhu chiri kumaodzanyemba kweVirginia, uye vakagadzira pano korosi yeColombia (yakazogoverwa kuNorth neSouth). Kuvandudza varidzi venyika yeVirginia, tsika dzefodya dzakapararira pano. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, dzakadai seShenandoah Valley kumavirira kweMadganic, uyewo mumatunhu eSouth Carolina kumaodzanyemba kweVirginia, pakange pasina mamiriro ekuraira chibage ichi. Pano mupunga wakabatwa, uyewo muGeorgia.

Vashandi veColombia vaida kupfuma mukurimisa risi, shuga, flax, hemp, silika, indigo, kureva, zvinhu zvakashaikwa muEngland uye kutengeswa kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Pano muna 1696 Madagascar akasiyana-siyana emupunga akaiswa kunze. Kudyara kwayo kwave kuchiva basa guru revagari vemo kwemazana zana. Murairi wakanga wakaberekwa pamahombekombe egungwa uye mumhenderekedzo yehova. Basa rakaoma rakaiswa pamapfudzi eNigro varanda, iyo yakaenzanisa nehafu yevanhu muna 1700. Mune huno huripo South South Carolina, ndiko kuti, kumaodzanyemba kwekoloni, uranda hwakasimbiswa kunyange zvakasimba kupfuura kuVirginia. Vakakura varanda-vadzidzisi-varimi vaiva neCharleston, mutsika uye mutungamiriri wekambani yekoloni, dzimba dzakapfuma. Vagari venhaka yavo yekutanga muna 1719 vakatengesa korona yavo kune Crown.

North Carolina, uko vazhinji vevapoteri vanobva kuVirginia (avo vaidzivirirwa pamitero yakawanda uye madhora nevarimi vaduku) neQuaker, vaigara nenzira yakasiyana. Pakanga pane vashoma vashumiri veNegro neminda mikuru. Muna 1726, North Carolina yakava muChirungu.

Muzvinhu zvose huwandu hwevanhu hwakazadzikiswa, zvikurukuru nevagari vekuScotland, England neIreland.

New York

Zvakawanda zvakanyanyisa zvakanga zvakaita vanhu veimwe nzvimbo: New York (iyo yaichimbova Dutch yenyika yeNew Netherlands) neNew Amsterdam (guta riripo reNew York). Mushure mokunge atorwa navaBritish, akaenda kuDuke York, munin'ina waCharles II, mambo weChirungu. Nenguva iyo, pakange pasina vanhu vanopfuura 10 000 vagari vakataura mitauro 18. Dhiyabhorosi simba raive rakanaka, kunyange zvazvo vagari vomunyika ino vakanga vasina kuita vazhinji. Nzira dzacho dzinoramba dzichiripo: Mutauro weAmerica unosanganisira mashoko echiDutch, uye maitiro ekugadzirwa kweNetherlands akasiya uchapupu hwekuonekwa kwazvino kwemaguta eAmerica nemaguta, ayo mazuva ano eNorth America yakaumbwa. Mufananidzo weNew York muna 1851 ona pasi apa.

Kukura kwekolonization

Colonization yeNorth America neBritish yakakura zvikuru. Iyi kondinendi yakamiririrwa nenyika yakapikirwa kuvarombo veEurope. Ikoko vakaronga kutiza kubva pakutambudzwa kwechitendero, kushungurudzwa kwevagari veminda vakawanda nematokari.

Vashandi vakanyoreswa kuAmerica nevashambadziri vakasiyana-siyana, kunyange vakaronga kuparadza chaivo kwavari. Vashandi vari pavanotengesa vanonwa vanhu. Vakanga vakadhakwa sezvavakanyorerwa kune ngarava ndokuendeswa kumakoloni eChirungu muNorth America.

Chimwe nechimwe zvinhu zveChirungu zvakaonekwa. Yakakurumidza kuwedzera uye vanhu vayo. Iro regrarian revolution muBrithani, iyo yakaita kuti kuwandisa kwemahombekombe evarimi, vakadzinga kubva kuEngland vanhu vazhinji varombo vaida kuwana nyika itsva mumakoloni.

Pamuganhu muna 1625 kwaiva ne 1980 chete varongi, uye muna 1641 - vatova vanhu zviuru makumi mashanu kubva kuEngland, vasingatauri vamwe vagari vemo. Mune mamwe makore makumi mashanu vanhu vakawedzera kusvika mazana maviri nezviuru. Muna 1760, yakasvika ku1955 mamiriyoni vagari, avo 310 vaiva varanda veNegro. Makore mashanu gare gare, nhamba yevakoroni yakawedzera kaviri.

Hondo nevaIndia

Kwenguva refu, vanyori vakagadzirira hondo yekuparadza kuzorwa navaIndia, vachibvisa nyika yavo. Mumakore mashomanana chete, kubva muna 1706 kusvika muna 1722, madzinza eVirginia akaparadzwa zvachose zvachose, pasinei nehukama hwe "hukama" hunobatanidza mutungamiriri wavo ane simba neChirungu.

MuNew England, kuchamhembe, vaPuritan vakashandisa dzimwe nzira: vakatenga munda kubva kumaIndia vachibatsirwa "nekutengeserana." Gare gare izvi zvakakwira kune vanyori venhau dzakaitika kuti vatongi veAmerica havana kutora nyika yevaIndia uye havana kupindira rusununguko rwavo, asi vakapedzisa zvibvumirano navo. Nokuda kwetambo yemakumbo, nokuda kwezvishoma zvepfuti, nezvimwewo, unogona "kutenga" chikamu chikuru chevhu. Uye maIndia, avo vakanga vasingazivi nezvehupo hwehupfumi hwekunze, kazhinji vakanga vasingazivi pamusoro pezvakanyorwa mubhedheni. Mukuona kwekutenderwa kwepamutemo, vakoloni vakaendeswa kubva kune dzimwe nyika yevaimbova varidzi, uye kana vasina kubvuma kuenda, vakavaparadza. Kunyanya chisimba vaiva vanyengeri vechitendero kubva kuMassachusetts. Sezvo kereke yaiparidza, kurohwa kwevaIndia kwaifadza Mwari. Saka vazhinji vevanhu vomunharaunda vakafa .

Pennsylvania

Zvimwe zvakasarudzwa mumutemo uyu wakaipa wekuparadzwa kwevaIndia vekuMainland kwaiva Pennsylvania, yakatangwa muna 1682 neChiaker Quaker William, mwanakomana weChirungu yemuChirungu, kune vateveri vake munyika yekwake, sevanhu vane pfungwa. Vakaedza kuchengetedza ukama hwepedyo nevagari vemo. Zvisinei, muna 1744-1748 uye muna 1755 kusvika muna 1763 pakanga pane hondo pakati peFrench neChirungu makoloni, maIndia avo vakaumba kubatana nevekutanga vaibatanidzwa uye vakamanikidzwa kubva kunze kwePennsylvania (North America). Mufananidzo wemazuva ano ePittsburgh, uri munharaunda yekare yekare, ona pasi apa.

Makoroni muzana remakore rechi19

Kubatana kweNorth America kwakaramba kuripo muzana remakore rechi19. Muchikamu chechitatu chetatu, kuchinja kukuru kwakaitika mune hupfumi nehupfumi hwehupfumi hwezvinhu zveBritish muNorth America. Mazuva ano Canada inosanganisira yekare yeChirungu makoloni.

Muzana remakore rechi19, vanenge hafu yemamiriyoni vakapinda munyika yeCanada, vemuBrithani vaine zita rimwe chete, uye vanhu vakawanda vemakoloni vakapfuura vanhu vane mamiriyoni 1. Nheyo yehupfumi yakanga isisina kumira , kuirima nekuvaka zvikepe. Paiva pane zvakagadzirwa. Asi chikonzero chekugadzirwa mumakoloni chaiva chikafu chiduku. Zvishandiso zveChirungu zvakatengeswa mumakoloni zvakavhunga chigadzirwa chemunharaunda. Saka kukakavadzana kwevamwe vanhu kwakawedzerawo. Vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika, vatsvakurudzi nevatengesi vemabhizimisi vakagadzirira nyika dzakagadzirirwa vanhu vomunharaunda. Izvo uye nezvimwe zvinopesana zvakakonzera kukwikwidza muUpper uye Lower Canada muna 1837-1838. Vakanga vadzivirirwa, uye vatungamiriri vavo vakaurayiwa pachena.

Mushure mokudzingwa kwekusimbiswa, hurumende yeBritain yekoloni yakasarudza kuramba ichiita saFranco-Canadians, uye muna 1841 yakabudisa Mutemo weUnited States, maererano neHurumende nechezasi yeCanada, iyo yaimbova makoloni eGreat Britain, yakabatanidzwa pasi peCanada. Uyu mutemo waiva chiito chechisimba chekoloni uye kusagadzikana kwakanyanya.

Makoronike eGreat Britain muzana remakore rechi19

Great Britain panguva iyoyo yaiva nezvinhu zvakawanda zvekumavirira kune dzimwe nyika. Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, nzvimbo yeNorth America yekuEngland yaiva nemakoloni anotevera: Nova Scotia, Canada, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, neBritain Columbia, iri paPacific gungwa uye yakatsaurwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yezviuru nezviuru zvemakiromita.

Mumakore 60 England wakakugadzirirai ayo zvinotyisa pamusoro kubatana nyuchi dzavo. Muna 1867, "youshe Canada", iro vakabatana imwe hurumende yaimbova munzvimbo yeBritain. Inoitwa munzvimbo vaitaura Chirungu Mapurovhinzi muOntario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, uyewo chiFrench Quebec. Bumbiro Canada rakagamuchirwa mugore iro.

Countries - vaimbova mapoka Great Britain, vakanga saka vakabatana pasi rimwe mureza.