Chii chinonzi Kamudzira? Marongerwo kushanda membranes

Chii chinonzi Kamudzira? Pfungwa iyi inoshandiswa munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana muupenyu uye sayenzi. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo, ine yakasiyana. Asi, nzira imwe kana mumwe, kushandiswa iri izwi iri chokuita zvinoreva shoko. Translated kubva Latin "Kamudzira" - mumwe membrane.

Various kududzirwa pfungwa

Panguva ino, pfungwa zvemichina uye okugadzira yakashandiswa apo kutaura nhete firimu kana bwendefa ngadzirambe dziri mudunhu sezvo mamaikorofoni kana kumanikidzwa gauges.

In zvipenyu, mumwe Kamudzira chinorehwa kwakavharwa nenyama samolecular mamiriro chipo muchitokisi ose uye kupa dziviriro kubva kwezvakatipoteredza nezvinhu kushanda kwezvakatipoteredza. It kunovimbisa kuvimbika masero uye rinobatanidzwa metabolic pezvakaitwa pamwe kunze nyika.

Reverse osmosis Kamudzira

Mumwe kuchangobva zvigadzirwa chinhu neizvi osmosis module, iro rinoshandiswa mvura yokunatsa. maumbirwo uyu chubhu kuva pasi uye muvharo. Mukati chubhu iri uye riri chete kuzvishandura osmosis Kamudzira, kuvapo iyo rinopa ultrapure mvura vakasunungurwa kubva siyana bacteriological kusvibiswa uye zvipenyu deposits. mvura yokuchenesa mashandiro kunobva kurerutsa vakafa nzvimbo, umo mabhakitiriya anogona -wedzera.

modules izvi zvave zvikuru inoshandiswa mukurapa, kana kuti kuva kunyatsoenderana, wavanotipa hemodialysis pamwe midziyo ultrapure mvura.

Kamudzira accumulators uye kuwedzera matangi. chitsividzo yavo

Accumulators uye kuwedzera Matangi - ndangariro kuti inoshandiswa kudzikamisa zvakawandisa kumanikidzwa (vhoriyamu) mukati kudziyisa mudziyo.

Ndeipi Kamudzira iyi? chaikosha Iri chikuru chezvinonhuwira kwakadai mudziyo. Zvinokanganisawo kuita kunyatsoshanda uye rakavimbika yose yezvinhu. Maumbirwe Kamudzira anogona siyana. Icho diaphragm, bhora uye chibharuma. Kana guru vhoriyamu tangi, ipapo seri simbi richishanda nhengo akaiswa, zvine gomba venting mhepo. Zvichienderana munda kushandiswa mudziyo anosarudzwa mashoko kugadzirwa ari membrane. Somuenzaniso, mukuwedzera matangi ari kudziyisa ino chikuru chokuratidza riri chafariz nemishonga uye mukurumari pamwero. Kana mvura inotonhora romugove pakusarudza Kamudzira zvinhu vanotungamirirwa chokuratidza simba elasticity.

Sezvineiwo, hapana zvinhu kuti anogona haichazonzi nokudenga. Naizvozvo, ndizvo chisarudzo iri chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha ezvinhu nokuda kwenguva refu nokushanda kweguyo ayo nyatsoshanda nokushanda. Kazhinji, ndiro chakagadzirwa dzinongoitika rabha, munhu chakaita zvokugadzirwa butyl rabha kana EPR.

Replacement zvinoitwa detaching ari Kamudzira accumulator kana nokuwedzera mudziyo kubva hurongwa. First patsanura kuti screws vanobatisisa flange uye dzimba. Mune dzimwe anokwana zviyero, pachine yechigarire iri munyatso nzvimbo. Pashure kubviswa dzake Kamudzira hunogona kungoparara kubviswa. Nokuita neizvi chiito zvakakodzera kuisa Kamudzira itsva.

polymeric membranes

Pfungwa yokuti 'polymer Kamudzira "rinoshandiswa kakawanda kacho. Chekutanga, rinoshandiswa kana kutaura chimwe chezvinhu ano uye mazhinji tichitarisa kushanda kunoita kuzvinhu zvokuvakisa. Kwakadaro mhando membranes kugadzirwa nevanhu extrusion chikumbiro nzira ichipa kusavapo voids vari Kuronga apera zvinhu. Zvakanakira ari polymer chigadzirwa anogona kunzi chakakwana mvura nemishonga, nemhute permeability, pasi uremu, mukurumari, pasi flammability, kwezvakatipoteredza kuchengeteka.

Shoko rokuti "polymer Kamudzira" rinowanzoshandiswa kana totaura avo kare ataurwa pamusoro mahwendefa neizvi osmosis, uyewo mamwe marudzi membranes wakaita kubva Organic Polymers. Izvi micro- uye ultrafiltration zvigadzirwa, Kamudzira kushandiswa nanofiltration. Kunakisa polymeric membranes iyi akapoteredza ndiye mukuru workability uye zvikuru kudzora mamiriro uye zvivako zviri. Inoshandisa zvakasiyana diki kwemakemikari uye kwesayenzi mukugadzira rikurumidze.

Muchitokisi membrane. Masero - a chairema zvose zvipenyu zvose

Kwenguva yakareba zvave kuzivikanwa chokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvinokosha STRUCTURAL chikwata ari muchitokisi mupenyu muviri. Zvinomirira kusiyaniswa mugove cytoplasm, izvo takapoteredzwa sero membrane. Mukuita-shanduka, sezvo isu kuwedzera miganhu functionality, anowanikwa mukana wokushandiswa uye nemano, sezvo kwemasayendisiti anokosha ari nomuviri kuitika masero.

Cell Kamudzira - foni muganhu kuti chinomiririra dzinongoitika chipingamupinyi pakati dzomunyika zviri zvayo zvakavapoteredza. The chikuru maitiro chepfungwa Kamudzira ndiko semipermeable, kuti anopa cellular uptake kuti unyoro uye zvinovaka muviri uye achibvisa manyowa zvigadzirwa kwazviri. Cell Kamudzira - ndicho chikuru STRUCTURAL chezvinonhuwira muchitokisi sangano.

Historical zvine chokuita kuwanika uye kudzidza muchitokisi Kamudzira

Muna 1925, Grendel uye Gorder vakabudirira akamisa chifananidzo kuedza kuziva "mimvuri" masero matsvuku eropa. Zvakanga avo mukufamba kuedza, wokutanga kuziva lipid bilayer. Vatsivi basa ravo Danielle Dawson, Robertson, Nicholson mumakore siyana akashanda kusikwa imvura-wezvidimbu muenzaniso Kamudzira mamiriro. Pakupedzisira zvakanga zvaitwa Singsheru muna 1972.

The chikuru mashandiro anoita muchitokisi Kamudzira

• Kupatsanurwa dzomunyika zviri musero kubva kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza zvinoriumba.
• Aivabatsira kwerunyararo ari kugara pakati makemikari anoumba mukati muchitokisi.
• Regulation of metabolic nomwero.
• The ukama pakati masero.
• Alarm basa.
• The unodzivirira basa.

yeplasma mumuhara

Chii Kamudzira, unonzi plasma mumuhara? Izvi rokunze Sero rusvingo, izvo neDare Dendere iri firimu Ukobvu 5-7 ultramicroscopic nanomillimetrov. It unotora mapuroteni yeimwe, phospholipids, mvura. The firimu, ari zvikuru kwakavharwa nenyama, zvakanaka mwando Absorção de Água uye anokwanisa kupora kwayo nokukurumidza nokukurumidza kuvimbika.

Plasma Kamudzira kunoratidzwa zvakasikwa marongerwo. nzvimbo yaro muganhu kunokonzera kubatanidzwa nedanho permeability zvokusarudza mune Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva muchitokisi nemarara. Kuwadzana dzakavakidzana okunze uye kudzivirira zviri yakavimbika kubva zvakakanganisika, kuruvanze Kamudzira ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinoumba muchitokisi mamiriro.

Mutete layer izvo dzimwe nguva rinotaura sero Kamudzira kuti zvinhu zvipenyu inonzi glycocalyx. Inoitwa mapurotini uye polysaccharides. A Kamudzira mu chirimwa mumasero inodzivirira chinokosha pamusoro porusvingo, iyo anoita rutsigiro nerevane kuramba chimiro. It kazhinji ine faibha - insoluble polysaccharide.

Saka, tinogona kugumisa kuti makirisito mashandiro vari chokunze muchitokisi Kamudzira nokudzorerwa, kudzivirirwa uye kudyidzana pamwe masero akavakidzana.

STRUCTURAL zvinhu

Chii chinonzi Kamudzira? Izvi goko chinjwa, sezvamakaropafadzwa nohupamhi ndiyo 6-10 nanomillimetrov. Hwaro ayo mamiriro ndiwo lipid bilayer nemapurotini. Makabhohaidhiretsi unowanikwa muna Kamudzira, asi ivo pamusana chete 10% of the membrane uremu kunokosha. Asi ivo vanofanira kuwanikwa glycolipids kana glycoproteins.

Kana isu kutaura nhamba mapuroteni uye lipids, unogona siyana zvikuru. Zvose zvinoenderana mhando rejira. Somuenzaniso, muna myelin rine vanenge 20% mapuroteni, uye mitochondria - 80%. The Kuronga Kamudzira zvakananga zvakunoita arambe achirema kwayo. The kumusoro puroteni kugutsikana, dzakanga dziri arambe achirema yacho goko.

The siyana mashandiro anoita lipids

lipid neimwe zvakasikwa ari phospholipid, inoumbwa nesungano pakati glycerol uye sphingosine. Around chitunha dzine akaronga lipid Kamudzira mapuroteni asi havasi kuramba rukoko. Vamwe vavo vari achinyatsotaurira paiva lipids, apo vamwe vanoda kumhanya naro. Uye ichi imhaka pamberi munzvimbo dziri permeable mvura.

Pachena ndechokuti ari Zvinoumba lipids mu membranes siyana havasi asingashumbi, asi tsanangudzo yakajeka pamusoro Fani iyi asi akawana kare. Chero Kunyanya goko anogona ane mhando kusvika zana akasiyana lipid mamorekuru. Funga zvinhu zvingavhiringidza vakatsunga lipid Kuronga Kamudzira mamorekuru.

• Chekutanga, nyika lipid musanganiswa anofanira hazvo kukwanisa kuumba kugadzikana bilayers umo mapurotini ishande.
• Chechipiri, lipids, vanofanira kubatsira kudzikamisa zvikuru akaremara Kamudzira kuonana pakati membranes kana chaiwo kubatanidzwa mapurotini.
• Chechitatu, lipids - bioregulators.
• Chechina, vamwe lipids zvinoshingaira vechikamu ari biosynthesis zvavaifunga.

Sero Kamudzira mapuroteni

Mapuroteni kushumira wandei mabasa. Vamwe kuridza basa makemikari uye zvimwe -transportiruyut ose zvinhu kubva nharaunda kupinda sero ndiEzekieri.

Marongerwo uye kushanda Kamudzira vanosarudzirwa nenzira yakadaro kuti chinokosha mapuroteni kutekeshera kuburikidza nawo, kuramba ukama. Asi peripheral mapuroteni vakasungwa Kamudzira haisi zvakare kuwandisa. basa ravo kuchengeta nemamiriro goko, kugamuchira uye kutendeuka anonongedzera kubva zvakatipoteredza uye vave catalysts kuti siyana siyana.

Kuronga Kamudzira anomiririrwa anonyanya bimolecular rukoko. It kunovimbisa ari chamazuva mechidziro zvemaziso zvivako muchitokisi. Mukuita upenyu kutyora bilayer yakarongeka zvingaitika, chinoguma paumbwe STRUCTURAL urema kuburikidza hydrophilic pores. Zvichitevera izvi, anogona kuvhiringa zvose mashandiro anoita sero membrane.

ehupfumi of goko

Properties muchitokisi Kamudzira nokuda kwayo fluidity, nokuda iyo haina yakaoma yakarongeka. Lipids, nhengo dzayo, anogona kufamba vakasununguka. Mumwe anogona kuona asymmetry muchitokisi membrane. Ichi ndicho chikonzero musiyano pakati puroteni uye lipid akaturikidzana pakati nziyo.

Rakaratidza kuti polarity sero Kamudzira, kureva, rokunze rutivi rwayo ane kupomera akanaka, uye dzimwe - kwete. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti goko ane njere anyatsosarudza. Iye skips mukati, mukuwedzera kune mvura, chete mamwe mapoka mamorekuru uye ions yakanyauka zvinhu.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako sero Kamudzira mune miti nemhuka

The yokunze Kamudzira uye endoplasmic reticulum masero zvakabatana. Kazhinji goko pamusoro chakafukidzwa uye zvakare miganhu siyana matanga microvilli. Plasma Kamudzira mhuka sero zvipenyu kunze glycoprotein zvemapuranga rukoko uye anoita Kanotokonya zvichikurukura chaitika. In chirimwa masero kunze goko ichi ndechimwe gobvu uye zvakajeka distinguishable pasi maikorosikopu. Fiber izvo zvinofanira munyaya paumbwe rutsigiro kubva chirimwa rinenge yaigara, akadai huni.

In mhuka masero vane zvimwewo hurongwa iri kunze membrane. Yavanobata chaizvo kudzivirira. Somuenzaniso, chitin, huri unhani zvipembenene tishu.

Kuwedzera muchitokisi, pane intracellular kana yomukati membrane. It runoparadzanisa musero kuvharwa nezvikamu specialized inonzi organelles. Vanoramba kunorondedzerwa ezvinhu anofanira kuchengetedzwa.

Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, tinogona kugumisa kuti sero Kamudzira aine unhu kuti aratidze kukosha kwayo kushanda yose muviri, ane kunzwisisa sezvamunoita uye maumbirwo izvo kuvimba zhinji zvemukati uye zvimwewo zvinoitika pasi. Kuvadza firimu kungaita kuti masero rufu.

Saka, marongerwo uye kushanda Kamudzira kunoenderana nokure sayenzi uye maindasitiri, umo pfungwa rikashandiswa. Chero zvazvingava, maatomu akafanana uyu goko kana partition ine mukana wokushandiswa uye wakaiswa panguva kumicheto.