Chemistry: oxides, kupatsanura dzavo uye zvivako

Oxides, kupatsanura dzavo uye zvivako - ndiyo nheyo sayenzi iyi inokosha, kufanana kemisitiri. Vanotanga kudzidza mugore yokudzidzisa kemisitiri rokutanga. In sayenzi rakaoma akadai masvomhu, wefizikisi uye kemisitiri, vose zvinhu chokuita mumwe, ndokusaka undigested zvinhu rinobatanidza kushayikwa kunzwisisa hurongwa hutsva. Saka zvinokosha kunzwisisa nyaya zvachose uye oxides mairi kufamba. On ichi tiri nemi nhasi uye achaedza kutaura zvizere.

Ndezvipi magasi?

Oxides, kupatsanura dzavo uye zvivako - ndizvo zvaunofanira kunzwisisa hwatakazvarwa. Saka, chii chiri oxides? Unoyeuka kubva kuchikoro?

Oxides (kana oxyls) - vari kunzwisisa zvinhu binary remubatanidzwa anoumbwa maatomu electronegative maatomu akafanana (shoma electronegative kupfuura okisijeni) uye okisijeni iri oxidation wehurumende -2.

Oxides - zviri kusimba zvakajairika zvinhu panyika. Mienzaniso oxidic yeimwe: mvura, ngura, vamwe colorants, jecha uye kunyange carbon dioxide.

Paumbwe oxides

Oxides kunogona kuwanikwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. oxide inotungamirwa kudzidzawo imwe sainzi, kufanana kemisitiri. Oxides, kupatsanura dzavo uye zvivako - ndicho chii masayendisiti kuziva kunzwisisa sei izvi kana kuti yakaumbwa oxide. Somuenzaniso, vanogona kuva vakagadzirira nokuda zvakananga kubatana kuti atomu (kana maatomu) okisijeni pamwe makemikari chinhu - kubata of zvine maatomu akafanana. Zvisinei, pane kunanga inotungamirwa oxides, ndiko kana oxides vari inoumbwa manyowa kubva acids, munyu kana nezvigadziko.

kupatsanura pakati oxides

Oxides uye kupatsanura kwavo kunoenderana sei dzakaumbwa. In kwayo kupatsanura pakati oxides zvose vanokamurwa muzvikwata zviviri, okutanga chiri munyu-achiumba, uye wechipiri nesoleobrazuyuschie. Saka, kunyatsotarisisa mapoka maviri.

Salt-nokuumba oxides - zviri zvikuru hombe boka iri rakakamurwa amphoteric kana acidic uye zvinokosha oxides. Somugumisiro upi kwemakemikari kuita, munyu Anoumba oxides anoumba munyu. Kazhinji, munyu-Anoumba oxides zvinosanganisira simbi uye nonmetal okunze, zvinova zvinoita kwemakemikari maitiro nemvura kuumbika acids, asi kuita nezvigadziko kuumba runoenzanirana asidhi uye munyu.

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides - oxides kwakadaro ndechokuti makemikari maitiro hakurevi kuumba munyu. Mienzaniso oxides dzakadaro angava oxides ose senitrogen uye kabhoni.

amphoteric oxides

Oxides, kupatsanura dzavo uye zvivako - zvikuru kukosha kemisitiri pfungwa. The munyu-dzichiumbwa sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira amphoteric oxides.

Amphoteric oxides - ndivo oxides chinogona kuva inokosha kana acidic ehupfumi, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu nemakemikari (zviratidzwa amphoteric). oxides aya inoumbwa Kuchinja nesimbi (mhangura, sirivha, nendarama, simbi, ruthenium, tungsten, Rutherford, titanium, yttrium, uye vamwe vazhinji). Amphoteric oxides vakaitei nemashoko simba acids, somugumisiro makemikari maitiro, vanoumba munyu pamusoro acids izvi.

asidhi oxide

Acidic oxides kana anhydrides - oxides idzi nemakemikari iyo kuratidza asidhi zvivako, uye chimiro okisijeni tubhokisi acid. Anhydrides munogara akaumba hwokufananidzira vasiri nesimbi uyewo vamwe Kuchinja zvine maatomu akafanana.

Oxides, avo kupatsanura uye kwemakemikari zvivako - izvi pfungwa inokosha. Somuenzaniso, acidic oxides makemikari ehupfumi rakasiyana amphoteric. Somuenzaniso, kana ari anhydride ikasakendenga nemvura kuti aumbe runoenzanirana asidhi (kunze SiO2 - silica). The anhydrides vanoita pamwe alkalis, uye somugumisiro wanda zvakadai anosunungurwa mvura uye pasoda. In maitiro munyu nezvinhu oxides kuumbwa.

chikuru anhydride

Key (nokuti "kuisa") oxides - resimbi oxide zvine maatomu akafanana ne oxidation in +1 kana +2. Izvi zvinosanganisira alkaline, pasi alkaline nesimbi, uyewo makemikari Kufananidzira magnesium. Basic oxides vakasiyana vamwe kuti vanokwanisa sei pamwe acids.

Basic oxides vanoita pamwe acids, mukusiyana kune acidic oxides, uye pamwe alkali, mvura, mamwe oxides. Somugumisiro siyana izvi vanowanzova munyu vari aumba.

ehupfumi kuti oxides

Kana Paunoongorora zvakaitwa oxides siyana, vanogona kuita mafungiro avo pamusoro chii makemikari ehupfumi oxyls rusununguko. General makemikari pfuma oxides zvose riri zvachose redox kwacho.

Kunyange zvakadaro, oxides zvose zvakasiyana mumwe. Kupatsanura uye zvivako zviri oxides - ivo vaviri dyidzana dzinotaura.

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides vavo mushonga zvivako

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides - iri boka oxides chisingazivi vanoratidza acidic kana chikuru kana amphoteric ehupfumi yakadaro. Somugumisiro nemakemikari pasina munyu nesoleobrazuyuschimi oxides aumbwa. Kare, oxides izvi hazvisi kunzi nesoleobrazuyuschimi uye hanya uye indiffirentnymi, asi mazita aya regai anoenderana ehupfumi nesoleobrazuyuschih oxides. Ehupfumi dzavo oxyls izvi zvikuru vanokwanisa nemakemikari. Asi nesolebrazuyuschih oxide iri dikisa, ivo inoumbwa monovalent uye divalent vasiri simbi.

Of munyu-Anoumba oxides nesoleobrazuyuschih oxides zvinogona wakagadzirwa makemikari maitiro.

Nomenclature

Zvinenge oxides zvose vanonzi sezvinotevera: Shoko "oxide", uchiteverwa makemikari zita iri genitive nyaya. Somuenzaniso, Al2O3 - ndiko alumina. In ichi kwemakemikari mutauro oxidizing inoti: aruminiyamu anenge 2 3. Vamwe okunze, akadai mhangura, zvingava zvakawanda madhigirii oksileniya ukuwo, oxides zvakare vachava zvakasiyana. Ipapo CuO oxide - ndiko oxide mhangura (mbiri), i.e. nedhigirii oksileniya 2 uye Cu2O oxide - imhangura oxide (matatu), iro rine dhigirii oksileniya 3.

Asi pane dzimwe oxides pano kuti wakasiyiwa nhamba reokisijeni maatomu ari mukomboni. Monoxide monoxide kana kudaidza oxides zvakadaro, ane chimwe chete yakachena atomu. Dioxides dana oxyls zvakadaro, rine mbiri okisijeni maatomu Sezvinotaurwa chivakashure "von '. Trioxide dana oxides zvakadaro, rine zvitatu okisijeni maatomu. Mazita akadai monoxide, yakasviba uye trioxide, vava zvisingachashandi, asi kazhinji kuwanikwa mumabhuku, mabhuku nezvimwewo zvinhu.

Kunewo inonzi zvenhando mazita oxides, kureva, avo vakava kare. Somuenzaniso, CO - iri oxidized kana carbon monoxide, asi kunyange mishonga kazhinji kunzi chete carbon monoxide.

Saka oxide - remubatanidzwa reokisijeni pamwe makemikari maatomu akafanana. The sainzi inokosha inodzidza inotungamirwa kwavo uye kudyidzana, ndiye kemisitiri. Oxides, kupatsanura dzavo uye unhu - vashoma misoro inokosha mune zvesayenzi wekemisitiri ndisingazivi kuti haugoni kunzwisisa chimwe chinhu. Oxides - ndiwo magasi, uye zvicherwa, uye Nezvakakuyiwa. Vamwe oxides munokosha achiziva zvose masayendisiti kwete chete, asiwo vanhuwo, chaizvoizvo zvingatovabatsira ngozi upenyu panyika ino. Oxides - nyaya iri anonakidza uye zvikuru nyore. Oxide yeimwe kunowanzoitika chaizvo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.