Remagetsi kudyidzana nezvimedu

Nyaya ino vachatarira chinonzi masimba - chinokosha remagetsi nekuita nhungamiro pamusoro iyo yakavakirwa. Kuchavawo kuudzwa nezvomukana chokuvapo nzira itsva kuti kudzidza nyaya iyi. Kuchikoro muna wefizikisi makirasi, vadzidzi nezvinoda utsanangurirwe yokuti "simba". Vanodzidza kuti simba kunogona siyana chaizvo - the frictional simba, simba regiravhiti, elasticity uye nesimba zhinji zvakafanana. Havasi vose vanokwanisa kunzi inokosha, sezvo iri kazhinji Chiitiko ose yechipiri simba (frictional simba, somuenzaniso, yayo kudyidzana pakati mamorekuru). The remagetsi kusakarongeka rinogonawo kuva yechipiri - Somugumisiro. Molecular Physics anopa muenzaniso Van der Waals simba. Uyewo anopa mienzaniso yakawanda uye chepuraimari PARTICIPLE wefizikisi.

Zvakasikwa,

Ndinoda kuenda musimboti kwemasayendisiti kuitika zvakasikwa, sezvo kunotiita kushanda remagetsi kudyidzana. Chii chaizvo chinonzi chinokosha simba kuti anosarudza zvose kuvakwa kwayo yechipiri masimba? Munhu wose anoziva kuti remagetsi kukurukurirana, kana, sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi: Magetsi kunokosha. Izvi runoratidzwa mutemo Coulomb raMwari, ine yayo zvavo unobva kuna Maxwell equations. Recent tsanangura zvose sezvingatarisirwa kuitika masimba rinobva uye magetsi. Ndokusaka hunoratidzwa kuti kukurukurirana pamusoro remagetsi minda - zvikuru zvakasikwa. Zvinotevera muenzaniso - simba regiravhiti. Kunyange vechikoro kuziva mutemo wesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi Isaaka Nyutona, uyo achangobva mune zvavo chairo Einstein kuti equations, uye, maererano dzidziso yake giravhiti, simba racho remagetsi nekuita kunokosha zvakasikwa, zvakare.

Noumwe nguva zvakanga vaidavira kuti kune chete masimba maviri aya dzinokosha, asi sainzi vakauya mberi, zvishoma nezvishoma vachiratidza kuti hazvina kudaro. Somuenzaniso, pamwe kuwanikwa maatomu musimboti taifanira kuzozivisa pfungwa simba zvenyukireya, kana kuti kunzwisisa musimboti chengetedzo pakati nezvimedu mukati musimboti, nei vasingandivimbi kubhururuka kwose kwose. Kunzwisisa kuti remagetsi kusakarongeka zvakasikwa, yakabatsira uyere zvenyukireya mauto, kudzidza uye kurondedzera. Zvisinei, Zvadaro, masayendisiti vakasvika pakugumisa kuti mauto kwenyukireya vari chesekondari uye kuratidzwa zhinji akafanana Van der Waals simba. Kutaura zvazviri, chete zvechokwadi chikuru masimba kuti anopa quarks anosangana mumwe. Zvadaro - yechipiri chaizvoizvo - ndiko kubata pakati remagetsi minda protons uye neutrons ari musimboti. Zvechokwadi inokosha ndeyokuti nesungano pakati quarks, gluons vari vaipanana. Saka rakaonekwa zvakasikwa ndiyo yechitatu inokosha simba zvechokwadi.

Kuenderera nyaya

Zvokutanga nezvimedu kuora, rinorema - pamusoro kupenya, uye kuora kwavo rinotsanangura simba mutsva remagetsi nekuita, iro tsime ainzi - simba simba kwokukurukurirana. Sei murombo? Nekuti remagetsi kuvhiringidzwa zvakasikwa hwakasimba zvikuru. Uye zvakare, ndakaona kuti dzidziso simba mukukurukurirana, saka akanyatsodengezerwa vakatanga pamufananidzo kwenyika uye pakutanga anorondedzera kuora kuti zvokutanga nezvimedu zvakakwana, regai kufunga zvakafanana postulates, kana simba inowedzerwa. Ndokusaka yekare pfungwa kwave pakanatsiridzwa mumwe - imwe dzidziso vasina simba nekuita, nguva ino vakaratidza kuva nokudenga. Kunyange zvazvo zvakanga akarivaka ari chete mazano sezvo vamwe dzidziso achirondedzera remagetsi kusakarongeka pakati inoramba. Munguva dzazvino, kune vana vakadzidza nekusimba dzinokosha mukukurukurirana, uye wechishanu - munzira, nezvake richauya. All mana - rinokweva, simba, simba, remagetsi - Makavakwa pamusoro chete neBhaibheri: simba kwakaita pakati zvacho ndiwo mugumisiro kugoverana chinozoiswa inotakura, kana zvimwewo - svitsanisa kudyidzana.

Imhandoi mubatsiri? photon ichi - pasina PARTICIPLE guru, asi zvisinei zvinobudirira runovaka remagetsi kukanganiswa yakafanira kuchinjana munhu quantum pamusoro remagetsi nemafungu kana chiedza quantum. The remagetsi kusakarongeka riri kuitwa photons mumunda mhosva nezvimedu, izvo kukurukura imwe simba, sezvo nguva uye anobata mutemo Coulomb wacho. Pane imwe massless PARTICIPLE - gluon, ine mhando sere, zvinobatsira kutaura quarks. Ichi kukurukurirana remagetsi chinhu chinoyevedza pakati mhosva, uye zvinonzi vakati asimbe. Hongu, uye simba kudyidzana hakusi pasina vanozoshanda, izvo simbi nezvimedu ane gobvu kupfuura kuti, vane hombe, kuti rinorema. Izvi zvenguva vector bosons. uremu hwavo uye kurema ndiyo kuchikonzerwa nekuneta ari kudyidzana. Giravhiti ndiro simba exchanges quantum rinokweva munda. Ndiyo kukwezvana pamusoro remagetsi kusakarongeka pakati nezvimedu, zvichiri asina kukwana kudzidza, kunyange graviton experimentally asati dzakaonekwa, uye quantum giravhiti hatina chaizvo ipapo, uye nokuti tine kurondedzera hahungangovi asi.

cheshanu simba

We vaiona nezvemarudzi ina dzinokosha mukukurukurirana: simba, simba, remagetsi, rinokweva. Kudyidzana - chiito kupanana nezvimedu, uye hapana pfungwa symmetry kuita, nekuti hakuna kukurukurirana asina chokuita nazvo. It kuwanda nezvimedu vavo vakawanda. With chaiwo symmetry kuti gobvu ndiro nguva dzose razero. Saka, photon uye gluon gobvu haisi, zviri akaenzana razero, kubva graviton - zvakare. Kana symmetry raputsika, mukanyiwa haizorambi razero. Nokudaro, zvenguva Vector bison vane uremu, nokuti symmetry raputsika. Mana kwavatori dzinokosha akatsanangura zvose tinoona uye kunzwa. Mauto yasara vanoti zvavo remagetsi coupling hakukoshi. Zvisinei, muna 2012 pakava budiriro zvesayenzi uye yakawanikwa mumwe PARTICIPLE, kamwe akaita mukurumbira. A chimurenga munyika sayenzi akaronga Panovhurwa Higgs boson, iyo, sezvo zvikazooneka, anoshumirawo somutariri mutakuri aiita pakati quarks uye leptons.

Ndokusaka vasayendisiti-yefizikisi zvino vanoti kuti paiva simba wechishanu, nhume iro rakava kuti Higgs boson. Symmetry yaputswa pano; kubva Higgs boson ane guru. Saka nhamba mukukurukurirana (shoko ano PARTICIPLE wefizikisi kunotsiviwa neshoko "simba") yasvika shanu. Pamwe tiri kumirira zvinhu zvitsva, sezvo hatizivi chaizvo kana kunyange kunze mukukurukurirana izvi. Zvinokwanisika chaizvo kuti takavaka, uye nhasi wokuenzanisira ichi, zvingaita sokuti zvakakwana rinotsanangura zvose zvakavapo vakachengeta munyika, uye haisi chaizvo wakakwana. Uye zvichida, pashure imwe nguva pachava mukukurukurirana zvitsva uye simba idzva. Mukana akadai pane kanenge nekuti isu zvishoma nezvishoma chaizvo vakadzidza kuti pane dziri anozivikanwa zvikuru mukukurukurirana - simba, simba, remagetsi, rinokweva. Pashure pezvose, kana pane ari hunhu supersymmetric nezvimedu, izvo dzinokurukurwa munyika zvesainzi, zvinoreva kuvapo symmetry itsva, uye symmetry nguva dzose dzinosanganisira kwaita nezvimedu itsva kuti svitsanisa pakati pavo. Saka, tinonzwa imwe wamboonekwa inokosha simba, sezvo kamwe akashamisika kuziva kuti pane Somuenzaniso, remagetsi, simba kudyidzana. Knowledge maererano edu hunhu kukwana chaizvo.

Interconnectivity

The dzinonakidza zvikuru ndechokuti chero kukurukurirana itsva inofanira hazvo kutungamirira asingazivikanwi chose chinoshamisa. Somuenzaniso, kana tisina vadzidza pamusoro simba kukurukurirana, hatingambodi vakaona kuparara, uye kana aiva asiri zivo yedu kuora, hapana kudzidza renyukireya kuita angadai zvisingabviri. Uye kana isu ukasazviziva zvenyukireya siyana, asingadi kunzwisisa sei zuva rikasabuda pamusoro pedu. Pashure pezvose, kana asina kuvhenekera, uye upenyu Panyika haana kuumbwa. Saka kuti kuvapo kukurukurirana kunoratidza kuti zvinokosha zvikuru. Kana simba kusakarongeka hakuwaniki, uye mabhomba nuclei havana igadzikane. Nokuda remagetsi kusakarongeka Earth anogamuchira simba kubva zuva, uye chiedza mwaranzi kusvika kwaari, kubaya nyika. Uye zvose anozivikanwa mukukurukurirana kunokosha. Pano Higgs Somuenzaniso. Higgs boson rinopa PARTICIPLE gobvu nokuda kuwadzana musango, tiri pasina zvingadai zvisina vakapona. Uye sei, pasina rinokweva kusakarongeka kugara pamusoro pemvura nyika? Hazvizoiti kwete chete nesu, asi hapana zvachose.

Zvachose vose mukukurukurirana, kunyange avo kuti tisingazivi asi kuziva, kunokosha zvose vanhu anoziva, anonzwisisa uye anoda ikoko. Tinogona kuziva? Hongu, chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, tinoziva kuti Purotoni akatsiga pane musimboti. Very, zvinokosha chaizvo kwatiri, ichi kutsiga kwayo, zvimwe Saizvozvowo paisazova noupenyu. Zvisinei, kuedza zvinoratidza kuti hwepurotoni upenyu - nguva ukoshi shoma. Long Chokwadi, 10 ³⁴ makore. Asi zvinoreva kuti pakupedzisira isaparara, uye Purotoni, uye izvi zvinoda vamwe simba idzva, kuti ari kudyidzana itsva. Against kuora protons yatovapo dzidziso iyo vaifungidzira mutsva, yakakwirira zvikuru mwero symmetry, saka, munhu kukurukurirana itsva kungangodaro izvo hatizivi chinhu.

Grand kubatana

Kubatana zvisikwa ndiyo chete nhungamiro kuvakwa dzinokosha mukukurukurirana zvose. mibvunzo yakawanda inomuka kana toreva kuwanda kwavo uye tsanangura zvikonzero ino chaiyo uwandu. Versions akavaka pano zvizhinji, uye vari kwazvo akasiyana mune mhedziso dzakasvikwa. Tsanangura kuvapo chete kwakadaro zvinoverengeka inokosha aiita zvose zvinobvira nenzira, asi ivo ndivo chete nheyo kuvaka uchapupu. Nguva dzose zvikuru akasiyana siyana mukukurukurirana, vatsvakurudzi kuedza kubatanidza kupinda chimwe. Naizvozvo vakadaro dzidziso uye nedzidziso rinonzi Grand Yakabatana. Sokunge nyika muti mapazi: a muzvizhinji awo, uye hunde nguva dzose chete.

Nokuti pane dzidziso zvose izvi kubatanidza pfungwa. The mudzi zvose anozivikanwa aiita imwe chete kupa mubhokisi, riri nokuda kurasikirwa symmetry akatanga kubazi panze uye akaumba dzinokosha mukukurukurirana siyana, izvo tinogona kuchengeta experimentally. pfungwa iyi asingagoni achasimbiswa asi, nokuti zvinoda zvikuru yakakwirira simba wefizikisi, kuedza dzisingambosvikiki nhasi. Zvinokwanisika chaizvo, uye iyi ndiyo nzira tine kumbobvira kwete nhaka simba izvi. Asi kumativi chipingamupinyi ichi ingangodaro.

kunze

Tine zvakasikwa, yepanyama akisarareta, uye zvose kwemasayendisiti zvinoitika mariri, kuti tikwanise kuongorora kunyange ushingiwo hypotheses pamusoro zvakafanana midzi zvose anozivikanwa mukukurukurirana. zvichida mumwe dzinonakidza basa kunzwisisa aiita zvakasikwa chinotonyanya kunzwisisa. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa sei kurondedzera giravhiti nezvimwe zvakasikwa. Ichi chinhu chinokosha kusakarongeka inomira sezvo vachiravana, pasinei nokuti maererano nheyo kuvakwa dzidziso iyi zvakafanana vamwe vose.

Einstein kudzidza dzidziso regiravhiti, kuedza kubatanidza nawo yemagetsi. Pasinei sokuti chokwadi kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, ipapo dzidziso harisati chakaitika. Zvino vanhu anoziva yokuwedzera, kanenge tinoziva pamusoro simba uye simba mukukurukurirana. Uye kana ikozvino kuvakwa zvachose vabatane pfungwa, hazvizovi zvomunhu sei zvakare kushaya ruzivo. Kusvikira akatadza kuisa giravhiti iri ndima nevamwe mukukurukurirana, sezvo zvose kuteerera mitemo zvinosiyana quantum wefizikisi nerukudzo - kwete. Maererano quantum pfungwa, inoramba zvose ndivo quanta womumwe munda. Asi quantum giravhiti hakuwaniki, kanenge kuchigere. Zvisinei, nhamba akatokuwana mukukurukurirana anodzokorora kwazvo pamusoro chii haagoni kuva chero chete zano.

yemagetsi munda

Kare 1860 kukuru namapfumbamwe remakore yefizikisi James Zvipikiri Munzeve Maxwell akabudirira kutanga dzidziso kutsanangura remagetsi induction. Kana kuchinja remagineti mune imwe pfungwa iri muchadenga wemagetsi munda. Kana munda uyu unowanikwa namahwindo kondakita, kuti induction kuitika runoyerera mune yemagetsi mumunda. Pfungwa yake remagetsi minda Maxwell kunoratidza kuti angangodaro neizvi kwacho: kana shanduko nguva yemagetsi munda mune imwe pfungwa iri muchadenga zvinoda remagineti. Saka kuchinja chero kunogona kukonzera kusiyanisa yemagetsi munda, uye anogona kuwana nokuchinja yemagetsi rakatumbuka remagineti ari remagineti nguva. variables izvi, tanga vamwe minda neimwe vakarongwa maererano vabatane munda - remagetsi.

Chinonyanya kukosha mugumisiro inozotevera kubva Masvomhu Maxwell kwakaita dzidziso - nokufanotaurirwa kuti pane remagetsi mafungu, i.e. pakuwanza remagetsi munda munguva uye nzvimbo. Panobva remagetsi munda vari kutamira pamwe kumhanyisa dzemagetsi mhosva. Kusiyana acoustic (kwakavharwa nenyama) remagetsi mafungu anogona kuparadzira chero zvinhu, kunyange vacuüm it. Remagetsi kuvhiringidzwa mune vacuüm it propagates nokukurumidza yechiedza (c = 299 792 makiromita muzana wechipiri). The wavelength zvingava zvakasiyana. Remagetsi mafungu kubva metres kusvikira 0.005 metres zviuru gumi - ichi ndicho redhiyo mafungu kuti anoshandiswa nekufambisa mashoko kwatiri, kuti ndicho chiratidzo nokuda mumwe kure pasina chinhu waya. Created redhiyo waves mukuru Frequency kuitika inoyerera muna kanyanga.

Ndezvipi mafungu

Kana urefu remagetsi mwaranzi anoda kubva 0,005 micrometer 1 meter, i.e. avo zviri kuwanda pakati zvinooneka chiedza uye redhiyo mafungu - iri michini nemwaranzi. nenharo ake emit mitumbi yose: mabhatiri, Stoves, incandescent mwenje. Special mano exchange michini nemwaranzi kupinda chiedza inooneka, vawane mifananidzo zvinhu kuti emit nayo, kunyange ari Mhedziso rima. chiedza chinoonekwa inongorira wavelength kuti 770 kusvika 380 nanometers - ruvara akatsauka tsvuku kuti pepuru. Chikamu ichi chakarondedzera ane upenyu hwevanhu chaizvo, nokuti chikamu chikuru mashoko pamusoro nyika atinopiwa zvaakaratidzwa.

Kana remagetsi nemwaranzi ane wavelength zvishoma pane yepepuru ruvara ndiyo ultraviolet chiedza kuti inouraya mabhakitiriya. Maekisirei havasi kuonekwa kuti ziso. Ivo zvakaoma Sechipanji rinooneka chiedza opaque akaturikidzana zvokunyama. X-ray chirwere zvirwere zvomukati evanhu uye mhuka. Kana remagetsi nemwaranzi iri kunotangira kudyidzana pakati zvokutanga nezvimedu uye chaibwinya ne nuclei kufara yaunganidzwa wegamma nemwaranzi. Izvi ndicho siyana ari remagetsi chakarondedzera nokuti hakungoitwi yakakwirira nesimba. Wegamma nemwaranzi yenyukireya anogona kuva nyoro uye oma: simba kuchinja mukati mabhomba nuclei - nyoro, uye mune zvenyukireya siyana - aoma. mwaranzi izvi nyore matura mamorekuru uye chaivo zvinhu. mufaro mukuru kuti kuonekwe wegamma mwaranzi haagoni kuwana kuburikidza. Cherechedza wegamma mwaranzi kubva muchadenga kunogona kuva. Panguva yakakwirira chaizvo simba riri remagetsi kusakarongeka propagates ari kumhanya pedyo chiedza: wegamma quanta apwanye neerekitironi maatomu, nokuputsa pasi mukati nezvimedu, achiparadzira kwakasiyana-siyana. Kana braking, ivo emit chiedza, kuoneka chaiyo materesikopu.

Kubva kare - remangwana

Electromagnetic waves, sezvatotaurwa, inofanotaurwa naMaxwell. Akanyatsodzidza uye akaedza kutenda mathematics zvinyorwa zvisingabatsiri zveFaraday, izvo zvakaratidzwa magnetic uye magetsi. Yakanga iri Maxwell uyo akawana kushaya kwekuenzanisa. Uye ndiye iye akakwanisa kuratidza nehuwandu hwean equations kuti kushandiswa kwemagetsi eminda kunokonzera magnetic minda uye zvakasiyana. Izvi zvakamuita kuti afunge kuti minda yakadaro inoparadzana kubva kune vanofambisa uye inofambisa kupfurikidza nekuvhara pane imwe nguva huru. Uye akazvifungidzira kunze. Inomhanyi yaiva pedo nemazana matatu makiromita nechipiri.

Ndiyo nzira iyo dzidziso uye kuedza zvinobatana. Muenzaniso ndiko kuwanikwa, kuburikidza kwatakadzidza pamusoro pehupo hwemagetsi emagetsi. Iyo yakabatanidzwa nekubatsirwa kwefizikiki zvakakwana zvakasiyana-siyana-magnetism uye magetsi, nokuti chinhu ichi chechimiro chinenge chiri chechirongwa chakafanana, mhedziso dzakasiyana-siyana dziri mukubatana. Nheyo dzinofambidzana imwe pashure pechimwe, uye dzose dzadzo dzakabatana zvakanyanya kune imwe: chirevo chekushandirana kwe electroweak, somuenzaniso, apo simba risina simba renyukireya uye masimba emagetsi anotsanangurwa kubva munzvimbo imwe chete, izvo zvose izvi zvinowananidzwa neyomumikromonynamic inobatanidza kusimba kwakasimba uye electroweak (pano kururama Apo iri pasi, asi basa rinoenderera mberi). Kunyatsodzidza kune nzvimbo dzakadaro dzefizikiki sekuwanda kwemagetsi uye tambo yakananga.

Mhedziso

Icho chinotarisa kuti nzvimbo yakapoteredza isu yakapinda zvachose nemagetsi emagetsi: nyeredzi uye Zuva, Mwedzi nezvimwe zvipfeko zvekudenga, iyi ndiyo Pasi pachayo, uye imwe foni mumaoko evanhu, uye antenna yemasereti - zvose izvi zvinotumira magetsi emagetsi, . Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemasvondo anokonzerwa nechimwe chinhu, mazaisai emhepo, mafungu eredhiyo, chiedza chinooneka, biofield mikoko, X-rays nezvimwe zvakasiyana.

Apo sarudzo yemagetsi inopararira, inova magetsi ekugadzirwa kwemagetsi. Izvo simba remvura rinongogara risingagumi, zvichiita kuti magetsi emagetsi uye maatomu asvike. Uye kana iyo inopomerwa ichivhara, kumira kwayo kunowedzera kukurumidza, uye saka inobva yatora magetsi anoshamisa. Kana iyo magnetic field inoshanduka, shanduko yemagetsi inofadza inofadza, iyo iyo inobatsirawo vortex magnetic field. Iyo nzira inopinda nepakati, inotarisa imwe pfungwa pashure peimwe.