Types uye mazita mosses vane mapikicha uye tsananguro

On chii vari mosses (rudzi zita, vorudzii) hadzizivi zvose. In yakanakisisa zvazvingava, chikoro zvipenyu kosi akarangarira vanoshamwaridzana Kukushkin neshinda kana sphagnum. Kutaura zvazviri, zvikuru guru boka pauwandu zvinomera izvi kunokosha chaizvo kunze mumwe aripo. Akasaonekwa chero Links kana Transitional, zvenguva siyana. In zvavo upenyu kakawanda havanyatsonzwisisa kwete chete mazita mosses uye lichens, asi zvirimwa pachavo, kusangana navo, somuenzaniso musango. Wadii muudzame idzi kunoshamisa vagere Nyika.

Mosses - mumwe mukuru zvinomera Panyika

mhuri Moss rinobatanidza boka guru dzakakwirira zvinomera, ine anenge 25,000 marudzi. Izvi, chete 1 500 rudzi kukura munyika yedu. Masvomhu vari anofungidzirwa, sezvo saka kure vasina kudzidza nzvimbo huru kwazvo masango anogara achinaya. Pane kunyange yoga nesayenzi kuti anobata nokudzidza mosses - bryology. Mukuru Zvisaririra siyana raireva Carboniferous nguva, asi masayendisiti anobvuma kuti akazviratidza kunyange adarika. Ndivo chete miti ane Kushanduka-shanduka chokuita regressive kuvandudzika sporophyte. Vachiri panguva mambakwedza upenyu Panyika, zvakasimba kwakaitika yayo chirimwa nyika, uye chengeta nanhasi.

Makumi-maviri mhando kadhi rakapararira Moss akarongwa mu "Red Book kweRussia": kampilium Krylov orhidium ocherednolistny, brioksifium Savatier, Angstrom amentaceous, atraktilokarpus Alpine, Oreas Martius, induziella Tiến Shan, Lindberg brachypterous Lindberg kuvhuvhuta, mamillariella crank, krifea multidirectional, doziya Japanese, gomaliadelfus gladkozuby, Necker kuchamhembe, plagiotetsium tupeyshy, taksifillum mitsetse, aktinotuidium Hooker leptopteriginandrum wokumaodzanyemba Alps, giofila akaputirwa, Fossombrone Alaska nskaya, backgammon Japanese, izopahes rakabuda ruvara.

General zvechadenga mosses

Pfungwa Moss (Latin zita - "bryophytes") uye kuparadzira mhuri Moss wakakura chaizvo uye chinayo siyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu. Kumboda kwakanyorwa haakuri perennial chirimwa kureba kubva 1 mm kusvika masendimita akawanda, asi pane mhando kuti tisvike masendimita 60 kana kupfuura. A pachena chepfungwa chikwindi ndiyo kusavapo rakakwana mudzi hurongwa. basa ravo rinoitwa nevanhu chinokosha outgrowths of Epiderme e - rhizoids. Uchibatsirwa ravo chikwindi muviri wanamatira kuti substrate uye anogamuchira mvura kudaro zvicherwa. rutoto kutenderera zvinosanganisira pabonde (gametophyte) uye asexual (sporophyte) chizvarwa. Kudivi rimwe, regressive zviratidzo vakakanda musana wavo kure shure zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe miriwo nyika, uye pamusoro mumwe - kuchaita kuti vararame vari dzoutsinye ezvinhu, kana kudzimwa vamwe vose. Izvi imhaka yokuti ivo pakutanga kwakaitika pasi chifukidziro zvimwe zvinomera, saka neutrally sevanhu chiedza uye kuti vakuchidzire. Mukuru chikonzero nokuti chikwindi ndiyo pamberi unyoro. Asi kunyange vakakwanisa kuchinja kushaya kwayo. Pane imwe zvinoshamisa chinoratidza mosses - kukwanisa vanowira mamiriro yakaturikwa kuchangamuka pasi ezvinhu ipa zvakatipoteredza. Panguva iyi, muti haana anenge kurega upenyu zvose zvirimo. Mosses kunogona kuva ezvinhu yakaturikwa kuchangamuka kwemakumi emakore, zvinobudirira kupona zvikuru pasi kana mukuru tembiricha kushaya kana kusavapo unyoro.

Kuparadzirwa mosses

zvirimwa ava chaizvo kwazvo nyorova nzvimbo, vakawana zvinenge zvose pamusoro nyika kunze mumakungwa uye zvikuru acidic (sesaline) nevhu. Kakawanda akasiyana siyana mosses, mazita avo dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kushandurwa kubva muchiLatin, anowanikwa achinaya mvura. Vanokura zvisanduke (imwe pagore kuwedzera 1-2 mm), kana iwe tora mumwe chete chirimwa, asi, vose zvavo, izvozvo vakawana biomass guru kwazvo.

Chii mosses nyuchi dzinenge zvose epanyika, ndiye akaita kuti ichi chirimwa oligotrophs. Vanogona kukura kunyange kupfuura shomanana uye murombo nevhu. Animals Kazhinji mosses havadyi. Kukwanisa kwavo vachishingaira kuramba mwando dzimwe nguva kungaita kuti waterlogging ivhu.

kubereka vana mosses

zvinomera ava pachangu pamuviri kutenderera. Mazita mosses nokuparadzirwa yavo yakasiyana, asi vose zvakafanana mune imwe Integrated chirimwa gametophyte uye sporophyte. The yokupedzisira unonziwo asexual chizvarwa. Iye inomiririrwa bhokisi duku kupokana, izvo nokuasveta mukombe tsoka yakanyura gametophyte. Kukura pabonde chizvarwa zvinobva panguva kumera kuti spores. Pakutanga dzakabudirira filamentous kana ndiro-kufanana inotungamirwa (protonema), izvo anoteya itsvo, umo ipapo chinokura lamellar thallus kana dzakanzi mashizha, zvichienderana chii iri mhando Moss. Mazita miviri pabonde kubereka mu dzakakwirira zvirimwa vakajaira zhinji kubva rokusekondari - uye archegonium antheridia. Wokutanga ari munhukadzi nhengo dzokubereka nadzo, yo dzakakwirira spore zvinomera, uyewo gymnosperms boka. Antheridia - murume zvomukati, ivo zvinowanikwa dzakakwirira zvinomera uye algae.

kupatsanura

Ngationei kugara panyaya ndedzipi mosses. Doma zviviri huripo zvidzidzo vane kujairika: chiropa uye vachiwaridza. Kwekutanga chete kupatsanura yaisanganisira Antotserotovye mosses. Asi gare gare, masayendisiti vakagumisa kuti izvi akasiyana mapoka zvinomera uye with navo chaiyo dhipatimendi. kirasi imwe neimwe ine yayo chaiyo zvinhu uye unhu.

Kirasi Pechenochniki kana Hepatic: mosses, mazita uye mifananidzo

A pachena kuchiitwa zvinomera izvi zvose huru siyana gametophytes uye sporophytes kufanana. Uwandu nemakirasi anenge 300 genera uye 6000 mhando mosses. Vanokura kunyanya dzinopisa okunze. Kwavari, maitiro chaizvo vegetative kubereka zvakawanda kana zvishoma dzakabudirira zvikamu thallus.

Kune marudzi kuti usatsungirira kana pasi kana miti, akadai Ricci zvinoyangarara. Under dzinongoitika ezvinhu, inowanikwa kuMabvazuva Kure kuCaucasus. Dzimwe zviri akaberekwa muna aquariums.

On muganhu Russia uyewo iwayo akakurumbira marchantia siyana. Moss iri kukura pasi. Zvirimwa (thallus) ane chimiro multilayer muviri, branching zvikuru uye ndiro Sizes kusvika 10 masendimita. The zvirimwa vane dioecious, uye nhengo dzokubereka nadzo anoiswa pamusoro hwendefa iri rinokosha zvitsigiso muchimiro amburera.

Ndezvipi Generic mazita mosses liverworts mukirasi? Heano mamwe acho: sferokarpus, pallavitsinii, simfiogina, merch, gimenofitum, Metzger, Ritchie.

Kirasi Listostebelnye mosses: mienzaniso mazita

Vachiwaridza mosses - kirasi zvikuru zvakawanda, zvinosanganisira zvinopfuura 15 000 marudzi, vakabatana muna 700 kuzvarwa. Kunze kwavo haachaoni nhamba, naivowo zvisingapindirani basa rinokosha Dzenyika chirimwa viomak. Gametophyte vamiriri mukirasi iyi inogona kukura vertically kana yakatambarara. Zvichienderana ichi, vari vakakamurwa ukuwo, orthotropic uye plagiotropnye marudzi. Vachiwaridza mosses zvivanakire rakakamurwa subclasses zvitatu: sphagnum, Andreeva, brievye.

Subclass Sphagnum mosses

Munhu wose ajaira aya mazita mosses. Miti subclass, pane mhando anopfuura 300 (rudzi 40 inowanikwa munyika yedu), uye vari kukura pose. Nhengo dzose mhando vari zvine guru ukuru uye noruvara chena uye manyoro, mashava kana tsvuku Hue. Kumboda mhando ichi subclass kumusoro achinaya mvura zvinomera mapazi uye vari kwainyanya kuti paumbwe peat deposits.

The genus Sphagnum kana peat chikwindi, rinosanganisira 120 marudzi. Ivo vose vachikura bogs, akafukidza wakavafambisa kapeti. Madzinde wepagore goho Zvakaunganidzwa 2-3 cm apo rezasi chikamu anofa uye uchiora, asi asingaiti kuora. Chikonzero ichi chinhu ndechokuti muviri aumbwa chikwindi carbolic acid, akambozvishandisa kuuraya utachiona. Dead, nezvimiro chikamu turf, asi izvi anononoka chaizvo. Saka, zvinofungidzirwa kuti 1 mita rimwe deposits dzakadaro yakaumbwa mumakore 1000!

Mumwe mumiririri vaiona subclass - tortula kumaruwa. Panova Moss pamusoro pemiti, zita riri kujairika. Habitat: kubva achinaya mvura kusvika kweArctic uye gwenga zvikamu. Zvinonzi vasiyana pachena midzi miti uye nemakwati namabwe. It ane nevamwe shava kana greenish mashava ruvara, iro hunde inokura kusvika 10 masendimita.

Heano mamwe mazita pasi kukurukurwa chikwindi genus: sphagnum deveteve, bulging, mashava, girgenzona, magellansky, papillozny.

Subclass Brievye mosses

Subclass zvakakwana dzakawanda uye kunosanganisira zvinopfuura 14 000 marudzi, 1300 iyo inowanikwa iri munharaunda Russia. Izvi kunyanya Perennial plants, richisvika munhu zvinoorora chaizvo kukura kubva 1 mm kusvika 50 masendimita kureba. Ruvara kazhinji mutema, yakatsvukuruka mashava kana anenge dema. Vanokura, kazhinji muvhu, rakaora kana mashizha. Vakanga zvachose haagoni kushivirira sesaline nevhu. Well mazita ose kujairana mosses zvakadai muna Russian sezvo Kukushkin neshinda kana nesayenzi politrihum munhuwo, brium voloskonosny. Vanokura vari kuchamhembe uye nechepakati kumatunhu Russia, kazhinji musango.

subclass Andreeva

boka iri chirimwa diki (vanenge 120) kuti kukura pachando okunze (Arctic uye Antarctic). Vanogona kuwanika pamusoro pamatombo uye mawere, apo ivo vanoumba zvakada Mapedhi. Vamiririri subclass ichi vari Andre dombo, splahnum tsvuku yellow, rodobrium rosette, leukobrium rinokwanisa kucheneruka, polia vachirembedza, dikranum mnogonozhkovy. Ava chete mamwe marudzi mosses. Mazita uye mifananidzo dzimwe nhengo subclass anogona kuwanikwa botanical atlases, idzo achapiwa rondedzero yakatodzama pamusoro genus uye mhuka.

dhipatimendi Antotserotovye

Antrotserotovye kare vaiona sezvo mosses uye dzinounzwa ari oga kirasi. Zvino rinorondedzerwa so kupararira Moss zvinomera vane zvakafanana maumbirwo thallium. Nokuti thallus maitiro rosette chimiro pamusoro rezasi divi vane rhizoids. Ndicho vagere dzinopisa, uye vashoma rudzi vachikura unozvidzora okunze.

How kusiyanisa kubva lichen Moss?

Vanhu kazhinji havanyatsonzwisisa kwete chete mazita mosses uye lichens, asi chitarisiko chavo. Musiyano chikuru ndechokuti ekupedzisira - ndivo vamiririri rezasi spore zvirimwa akazviratidza Pasi mosses ipapa. Vamwe lichens kunyange zita rinoratidza zvakajeka ndeye akasiyana zvachose boka zvinomera. Somuenzaniso, mioak chikwindi, Irish chikwindi, poro Moss. Mazita yepakutanga vachengetedzwe, asi kune nyaya dhipatimendi kupararira Moss mhuri, havana ukama. Oak Moss ane zita rakanaka nesayenzi Evernia Prunastri. Kana kutarira photo, pakarepo zvinova pachena kuti lichen ichi. Inokura, sezvo zita rinoratidza, pamusoro pomuouki omuti, uyewo vamwe Conifers.

Muviri lichens - a symbiosis pamusoro algae uye hunokuvadza. Havachina midzi, uye mosses vane dzavo mufananidzo - rhizoids. Achitaura zvakawanda nyore, lichen muviri - wakaita sangweji: kumusoro uye pasi chakuvhe uye algae pakati, iro rinoitwa chirongwa photosynthesis. The substrate icho wanamatira munhu lichen (kazhinji huni) rinoparadzwa imwe asidhi chaiyo iri dzoga notumwe. Uyezve, anogona kuparadza kunyange ibwe. Saka, zvirimwa izvi zvikuru kunokuvadza. Saka, kana zvaitika, zvakadai semiti muchero, ivo kungoparadza kuhukura. Asi panguva imwe chete, lichens - chiyero kuchena dzedenga, nekuti havana zvachose havagoni kushivirira gassed.

The zvakadai ferns uye mosses?

Ferns mu shanduka mashoko ndeimwe danho pamusoro Moss. Chikonzero ndechokuti vane conductive vascular hurongwa naro chirimwa anogamuchira mvura ukaparadzawo zvicherwa. Vanonyanya zvaizivikanwa vanhu uye zvinowanika kwose kwose musango. Dryopteris uye bracken - yakakurumbira zita. Mosses uye ferns vachiri vakabatana nomumwe akafanana chinokosha: vose avo, uye vamwe havana bereka kubudikidza mbeu spores. Ndiko, pane alternation pabonde uye asexual Zera (sporophyte uye gametophyte). Mukuwedzera, vari kwazvo kazhinji vavakidzani zvavo dzinongoitika dzinogarisana, sezvo vose avo, uye vamwe vanosarudza mumvuri uye yakakwirira mwando.

zvichireva mosses

Mosses zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza - nayo mapiyona, ndivo vokutanga kuti nyuchi kundima, ari okunze kazhinji haana wakanyatsokodzera chero chirimwa. zvirimwa ava chinokosha pamusoro biosphere rose. Mosses kusika anokosha biocenoses ari achinaya mvura, kufukidza pasi chinoramba makapeti.

Vane raidudzwa zvikuru kukwanisa kuramba mwando, zvakanakira zvinogona kududzirwa nenzira mbiri. Kubva pakutanga nemaonero, ivo waidzora mvura mwero iri muvhu, uye wechipiri - pave eutrophication masango, paMaare uye yekurima.

Sphagnum Moss - inokosha tsime inotungamirwa deposits ose peat, iro rinoshandiswa nevakawanda senzira huni, zvinhu pakuvaka uye kurima. Uyezve, mamwe marudzi zvinoshandiswa mukurapa, sezvo vaine Anti-kwemabhakitiriya ehupfumi. Asi paumbwe sphagnum bogs uye hypnum zvinokosha yose mararamiro. Ndicho locus kubva pamakwenzi zhinji uye herbaceous miti, musha kune vakawanda mutambo mhuka neshiri. Asi Chikurukuru, kuti doro - chinhu chakafanana kuchengeterwa tangi nemvura yakachena. Pashure pezvose, takafanana nechipanji, kuchipedza zvose mvura, uye ipapo zvishoma nezvishoma anopa unyoro kuti ivhu dzemvura duku dzichibva pairi. Swamp kuridza basa regulator kuti mwando rakapoteredza.