Chii zvinomera vanonzi yepamusorosoro? Mienzaniso, zvinhu uye maitiro dzakakwirira zvinomera

Munhu wose azive zvinomera vanonzi yepamusorosoro? Miti iyi ine peculiarities ayo. To musi, rondedzera kuti dzakakwirira zvinomera:

• Club mosses.
• Mosses.
• Ferns.
• Horsetails.
• Gymnosperms.
• Angiosperms.

Kune zvinopfuura 285 marudzi zvinomera izvi. Vakamira sangano yakakwirira zvikuru. miviri yavo ane unotiza mudzi (dzakakudzingai mosses).

zvinoitwa

Yepamusoro miti vanogara panyika. Ichi chivako chakasiyana kubva aqueous svikiro.

Zvinoitwa dzakakwirira zvinomera:

• The muviri rinoumbwa nyama uye nhengo dzomuviri.
• With vegetative nhengo akatakura zvokudya uye metabolic mabasa.
• Gymnosperms uye angiosperms bereka achishandisa mbeu.

Vakawanda rokumusoro zvinomera midzi, madzinde uye mashizha. miviri yavo dzinovakwa chakaoma. Miti iyi ine masero (tracheids), nemidziyo, nomusero sepombi, uye avo zvinyama coverslips vanoumba kunzwisisa hurongwa.

The chikuru chinoratidza dzakakwirira zvinomera - ane alternation zvizvarwa. Vanoenda haploid chokutambudzika kuti diploid, ndiEzekieri.

Mabviro dzakakwirira zvinomera

All zviratidzo dzakakwirira zvirimwa kunoratidza kuti vangave hwakabva algae. zvakafanana kwazvo vane algae adzima vamiririri vari kumusoro boka. Vanoda alternation zvizvarwa, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji.

Pane dzidziso kuti dzakakwirira miti yakabuda kubva mutema algae uye Freshwater. Wokutanga akasimuka Rhyniophyta. Kana miti vanokurudzirwa kunyika, vakatanga nokukurumidza kukura. Mosses zvakanga zvisingawaniki musoro sezvo kunoda mvura droplet muchimiro kuti zviripo. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vanoonekwa munzvimbo mwando.

Kusvika panguva chirimwa kwakapararira munyika yose. Vanogona kuonekwa murenje, dzinopisa uye pachando munzvimbo. Vanoumba masango, anezvimiti, paMaare.

Pasinei nokuti pfungwa iyo miti vanonzi yepamusoro, unogona kudana zviuru zvokusarudza, asi zvakadaro vanogona kubatanidzwa mune dzimwe guppies.

mosses

Kana yokuzvifungidzira panze iyo miti vanonzi yepamusorosoro, hatigoni kukanganwa pamusoro mosses. Zvakasikwa, emit vanenge 10 000 zvipenyu dzavo. Nechokunze, ichi chirimwa duku, kureba hakuiti kupfuudza 5 cm.

Mosses regai anotumbuka, havana mudzi, asi vascular hurongwa. Kubereka kunoitika maererano spores. Haploid gametophyte pamusoro mosses iri inodzorwa mu ichitanga upenyu. Chinonzi chirimwa kuti anorarama kwemakore anoverengeka, ringave growths rakafanana kumidzi. Asi pfupi sporophyte pamusoro mosses, izvozvo unoomesa kunze, ane bedzi gumbo, bhokisi apo pane achikura spores. Sechivako vamiririri izvi zvakasikwa zviri nyore, havagoni midzi.

Mosses ungaitawo basa rakadaro zvakasikwa:

• Gadzira rinokosha biocoenosis.
• Cover Moss absorbs radioactive zvinhu, unozvichengeta.
• Chengetedza mvura nechiyero nokuda kwenzvimbo kuti tibatsirwe mvura.
• Dzivirira ivhu kubva kwevhu, izvo zvinoita noruvara kushandura eko.
• Vamwe nemhando mosses zvinoshandiswa mishonga.
• Kushandisa sphagnum peat chikwindi aumbwa.

lycopsids miti

Kunze Moss, pane dzimwe yepamusoro zvinomera. Mienzaniso angava akasiyana, asi ivo vari fananei mumwe. Somuenzaniso, akafanana mosses lycopsids zvinomera, asi-shanduka wavo zvikuru yepamusoro, sezvo ichi dandemutande marudzi. Zvinosanganisira ari madzinde, mashizha maduku zvakafukidzirwa. Vane midzi uye vascular zvinyama kuburikidza izvo zvokudya anouya. Kuvapo zvinhu izvi zvikuru zvakafanana Club mosses ferns.

In dzinopisa, emit epiphytic tsvimbo mosses. Vanorembera pamiti, ndinosika pamusoro masa imwe mhando. miti izvi zvakafanana gakava.

Vamwe Lycopodiaceae miti rwakaiswa pangozi.

Psilotovidnye miti

Izvi mhando chirimwa haararami rimwe gore. Izvi zvinosanganisira zviviri vamiririri dzinopisa. Vane twasu madzinde, akafanana rhizome. Asi midzi chaivo vane. Vascular ezvinhu riri hunde rinoumbwa phloem, xylem. Asi mvura hazvirevi kupinda chirimwa mashizha-zvakadai zvinoshandiswa.

Photosynthesis kunoitika muna madzinde, mapazi kuti aumbe spores, vachichinja kupinda mapazi cylindrical.

Fern

Chii zvinomera vanonzi yepamusoro achiri? Izvi zvinosanganisira Fern kungova vascular dhipatimendi. Vane herbaceous uye Woody.

Sechivako Fern muviri zvinosanganisira:

• Petiole.
• Sheet ndiro.
• Roots uye matavi.

Fern mashizha vainzi vayyami. The hunde Kazhinji pfupi kuti yakatanga imwe jira conductive. Itsvo Midzi kukura webwe. Ivo kusvika hukuru makuru, sporulation kuita photosynthesis.

Muupenyu kutenderera rakatumbuka sporophyte uye gametophyte. Pane dzimwe nyaya vanoti kuti ferns kunge wakashanduka-shanduka kubva Moss. Kunyange kune masayendisiti vanodavira kuti dzakakwirira zvirimwa zvakawanda yakabuda psilophytes.

Zhinji mhando Fern imhuka zvokudya, uye vamwe muchetura. Pasinei neizvi, zvirimwa izvi zvinoshandiswa mukurapa.

horsetails

Nokuti dzakakwirira zvinomera horsetails vari. Zvinosanganisira zvikamu uye nodes chinosiyanisa kubva mamwe miriwo dzakakwirira mhuka. Horsetails Vamiririri akafanana dzimwe Conifers, maruva zvinomera uye algae.

Ichi rakasiyana mumiririri mhuka. Vane autonomic zviratidzo zvakafanana bota avo. hunde urefu anogona kuva masendimita akawanda, uye dzimwe nguva anokura mamita anoverengeka.

gymnosperms

Of yepamusoro miti uyewo emit gymnosperms. Nhasi, pane vashomanana rudzi dzavo. Pasinei neizvi, nyanzvi dzakatsaukana vakati angiosperms hwakabva gymnosperms. Uchapupu siyana chirimwa harisati kuwanikwa. Zvidzidzo DNA Zvaiitirwa, pashure iyo mamwe masayendisiti vaziva dzidziso kuti mhando iyi yedzinza monophyletic boka. Vanewo rakakamurwa makirasi zhinji uye kupesana.

angiosperms

Zvirimwa izvi zvinonzi maruva. Vanopinda pevane pfungwa. vakasiyana nevamwe pamberi ruva, iro rinoshandiswa kuti kubereka. Vane rutivi - kaviri muchangosangana.

Flower Kunokwezva pollinating nevamiririri. Masvingo ovary vachikura, shanduko, dzikava muchero. Izvi zvinoitika kana pakusangana kwakaitika.

Saka, pane zvakasiyana yepamusoro zvinomera. Mienzaniso izvi zvinogona dzakanyorwa kwenguva refu, asi vose emauto akadzingwa mabasa nevamwe mapoka.