Yepamusoro zvinomera: spore uye mbeu

Yepamusoro zvirimwa - Ndivo zvipenyu ndakakuitai landfall uye dzakashandisa dzinogarisana itsva. Kune zvinopfuura 300,000 marudzi. Yepamusoro zvinomera zviri kusiyaniswa vegetative zvomukati, akadai mudzi uye kupfura, uye zvakafanana photosynthetic pigments: chlorophylls uye carotenoids.

Yepamusoro miti vakawanda vane kunzwisisa nezvifambiso zvinosvika zvinhu zvinogona waidzora kwemvura mvura vachishandisa mashizha. yepamusoro chirimwa masero anoumba tishu. Sporophyte akavamba muupenyu kutenderera (kunze bryophytes).

Postpenno gametophyte ipfupi kuti masero shoma. Matare pabonde uye asexual kubereka vana zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu. Pakusangana pamwe kuomesa marudzi haizorambi kuvimba mvura. Zygote tibvunze kuti zvipuka zvine masero akawanda mudumbu.

Higher pano miti vanoumba unorema paNyika biomass - vanenge 90%.

Systematics kuvakuru zvinomera

Nokuti dzakakwirira zvirimwa vari pakakwirira spore mbeu miti.

Higher spore: rinieobraznye (chete Zvisaririra) psilotoobraznye (zvichengeteke anenge 20 rudzi), bryophytes (23-27 zviuru rudzi), plaunoobraznye (anenge 1300 marudzi), hvoscheobraznye (mhando anenge 30), ferns (anenge 12,000 marudzi).

Yepamusoro zvirimwa izvo erudzi spores bhotani kubatanidzwa zvakajairika zita - yepamusoro spore. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvose raivapo pari uye nokutsakatika kwemarudzi. yepamusoro spore muviri rakakamurwa kumusoro-pasi uye pevhu zvikamu, vegetative nhengo dzinokudziridzwa. The upenyu kutenderera kuchibva alternation zvizvarwa vakanga sporophyte uye gametophyte. Sporophyte kunokudziridzwa zvakanaka, akararama nguva refu (kunze bryophytes). Inokudziridza zvipuka zvine masero akawanda sporangia, pashure meiosis iyo inopfurwa usingazungunuke haploid spores. Ndivo voga-celled, duku kukura, vakapararira kazhinji nemhepo uye imere ari gametophyte.

Muchangosangana yakakwirira spore rinowanikwa chete pamberi mvura. Maererano urongwa zvomukati wokuberekana kusiyanisa zvepabonde nevarume uyewo nevakadzi zvirimwa (vane varume uye masero nomunhukadzi) uye ungochani (kana muri mumasero munhurume kana munhukadzi).

Kusawirirana zvingave zvakasiyana uye akaenzana. Higher spore zvirimwa zvakafanana gakava, akadana ravnosporovyh uye vaya vakasiyana nenharo - heterosporous. Zvichienderana saizi kusiyanisa microspores (diki kukura) uye megaspory (guru).

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mbeu miti Dzakamera zvakananga kubva Spore, kunyanya ferns.

Higher mbeu miti: pinofity (gymnosperms) - vanenge 800 rudzi magnoliofity (angiosperms) - mhando 300 zviuru.

mbeu yepamusoro zvirimwa zvasvika Parainge ari Mesozoic nguva, apo okunze akatonyanya dzisinganayi uye kuchitonhora, paiva kuchinja mwaka. Pari vakawanda mhando angiosperms.

Seed zvinomera zvakawanda zvakwakanakira pamusoro yakakwirira spore. Zvinosanganisira zvakafanana nadzo: midzi, Tiza, mbeu. The hunde zviri hwakasimba kupfuura spore, sezvo kukura matanda masero. Kana ichi chiri chikuru chikamu matanda masero - akafa.

Seed zvirimwa muri chete heterosporous. Gametophyte kuti sporophyte hwapedyo uye zvokudya panguva mari yake.

Propagation anotora nzvimbo achishandisa mbeu kuti kuumbwa zvipuka zvine masero akawanda tuvana izvo zvinosanganisira kugoverwa muviri. Muchangosangana mbeu yakakwirira kunotangira pollination - kuchinjwa mukume zviyo munyika seminal kutanga zai. Pollination rinoitwa nemhepo, mvura, mhuka, uye zvipembenene. Muchangosangana hunoguma kuvimba chete pamusoro mvura sezvakunoitwa yepamusoro spore. Zviri nokuda vegetative masero mukume iyo germinates mu mukume chubhu.