Hydrogen Morekuru dhayamita, iyo nzira mamiriro. Chii vazhinji hydrogen Morekuru?

At Periodic table nhamba 1 ndicho chinhu zvakasikwa - rehydrogen. kuparadzirwa raro kubva muzana iri pedyo 75%. Yakaderera zvirimo munyaya ratinoona akaturikidzana - 0,0001%. goko nyika ine 1% kubudikidza kurema gasi. Mukuru Huwandu ayo akataura mumvura: 12%. On redu, ndiye yechitatu rakajairika namakemikari maatomu akafanana.

Description eremendi

A rehydrogen Morekuru, vane nzira iri N-H kana H2, takaberekwa tine mumuviri uye nemakemikari zvivako.

Rehydrogen ari gasi chisingaurayisi nhaka hapana ruvara, hapana kwakanaka. Location rehydrogen mu Table 1 ari panzvimbo nokuti kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana, maatomu akafanana izvi anogona kuoneka sezvinoita simbi kana kuva gasi. On rayo Erekitironi orbitals 1, iyo inogona kupa rehydrogen (simbi ehupfumi) kana kutora imwe (gasi unhu).

The dhayamita pakati hydrogen Morekuru akaenzana 27 nm.

Dhayamita 1a ndiko rehydrogen atomu, kuti nharaunda - 0, 41 A.

ehupfumi

Mumuviri zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

1. Kubika pfungwa - 256 ° ^C.
2. Utsotso pfungwa: -259,2 ^° C
3. mhepo gobvu (D) - 0.069.
4. Rehydrogen riri havaratidzi soluble mumvura.

Makemikari ehupfumi ndeinotevera:

1. Nonpolar mamorekuru chisungo pakati zvacho ane simba 436 KJ / mol.
2. Thermal dissociation tembiricha iri 2000 ° ^C.
3. It zvaanoita ne:

• halogens;
• okisijeni;
• sarufa;
• senitrogen;
• nitric oxide;
• zvinoshingaira simbi.

Hunhu ezvinhu, rehydrogen rinowanikwa zvose zvakasikwa chimiro uye muchimiro isotopes protium, deuterium uye tritium.

samolecular mamiriro

Morekuru chaikosha ane nyore marongerwo. The Zvinoumba hydrogen Morekuru chinomiririrwa maatomu maviri kuti converging kuumba asiri polar covalent chisungo, uyewo imwe Erekitironi peya. Sechivako ane atomu ari 1 chokwadi mhosva neerekitironi, pakavakirwa kunoita mumwe nhingi mhosva Erekitironi. Erekitironi ichi riri pamusoro 1s orbital.

H - + H = 1e rehydrogen ichi Ion akanaka.

Izvi zvinoratidza kuti rehydrogen rine zvakafanana parameters vane zvinhu boka 1 periodic ino zviri alkali simbi (lithium, yavaibvisa, potassium), anopa imwe Erekitironi kuruvazhe orbital.

H + H = 1e kunaka rehydrogen Ion.

mukana wokuti vanhu vanga Izvi zvinoratidza kuti rehydrogen kwakafanana zvakafanana zvenyaya Group 7, anogona kugamuchira gasi uye chisipo maerekitironi mu rayo Erekitironi pamwero. magasi dzakadaro dzinosanganisira: fluoro, chloro, Bromo, etc ..

The Zvinoumba hydrogen Morekuru vari yakanyatsotsanangura kukurukurwa hereinafter.

Kure pakati hydrogen maatomu? R = 0,74 A, apo Verengai orbital nharaunda iri 1,06 A. Kunochinja kudzama bindepinde pakati Erekitironi makore uye hunogara, yakatsiga rehydrogen chisungo.

Hydrogen atomu ndiyo inokosha zvakasikwa atomu. hwepurotoni renyukireya Saizi ndiyo 10.5 A, uye dhayamita mumwe atomu iri 0.1 nm.

Molecules isotopes vane chinokosha yakarongeka. Protium mabhomba musimboti chinosanganisira hwepurotoni mumwe chete. Runotaurwa isotope: 1h.

Nuclear maumbirwo sokunge kuzvivako hwepurotoni uye Nyuturoni (2h).

3h - tritium - mune mabhomba ayo mamiriro hwakapiwa aine mwoyo 1 Purotoni maviri neutrons.

uremu

Zvesayenzi pane Masvomhu kuti compute, izvo akaenzana vazhinji hydrogen Morekuru. Panyaya chinhu kutsanangura samolecular uye mabhomba guru.

Matadza guru hydrogen Morekuru rinowanikwa nevanhu vakawanda payakavakirwa:

M = m / N, apo M - ndiyo mukanyiwa ane fuma, N - zvavo nhamba.

Mabhomba guru yakaenzana 1,008 amu Somugumisiro, hama kurema morekuru uyewo kuenzana 1,008. Sezvo hydrogen Morekuru rine maatomu maviri, ari hama mabhomba kurema iri 2,016 a. e. m. Kurema hydrogen Morekuru runoratidzwa magiramu por Chidembo (g / mol).

Kukosha sezvingatarisirwa kuitika

Nyaya inokosha zvikuru zvakasikwa, izvo unoumba chisinganzwisisiki pamwe rehydrogen oxygen ndiyo mvura. Water - tsime roupenyu, saka hydrogen - chinhu chinokosha che.

Pakati 100% vose zvine maatomu akafanana hunoumba organismal svikiro 1/10 ose, kana 10%, zvawanikwa rehydrogen. Kuwedzera mvura, zviri kuramba zviri quaternary nemamiriro puroteni, izvo zvinoita nokuda hydrogen chisungo.

Nheyo complementarity ose nucleic acids Zvinodawo panzvimbo nezvaizoitwa rehydrogen mamorekuru. Chirimwa Sero H paChikoro nedanho photosynthesis, biosynthesis, mune simba kuchinjirwa pamusoro Kamudzira makwara.

kunyoresa

In makemikari indasitiri, rehydrogen riri zvikuru kushanda. Zvinonzi yebhasera anogadzira zvinhu epurasitiki zvigadzirwa, sipo kugadzira, uyewo amoniya uye menthol kugadzirwa.

Food indasitiri: mune Pfungwa mishonga zvokudya, hydrogen iri wakawedzera sezvokudya chirungiso E949. chinoumba kwakadaro kunogona kuoneka kavha pamusoro margarine, muriwo anonhuwirira. E949 chirungiso akatenderwa zvokudya indasitiri yacho Russian Federation.

Rehydrogen akanga kamwe muzvirongwa aeronautics indasitiri, sezvo nefuma iri vakareruka kupfuura mhepo. Saka, muna 30s remakore rapfuura, kwakadai gasi akazadzwa Balloons uye airships. Pasinei zvayo pasi mari uye nyore, rehydrogen nokukurumidza vakarega kushandisa sechinhu filler, sezvo zviitiko kuputika ndege.

Nhasi, gasi inoshandiswa sezvo mafuta akashandiswa Aerospace indasitiri. Zvisinei, kushandisirwa inokurukura nzira kuti injini mu mutakurwi motokari, marori, nokuti chinhu panguva combustion hakurevi emit mumhepo anokuvadza tsvina, uye naizvozvo zvakatipoteredza ushamwari.

An chinokosha chezvinonhuwira rehydrogen isotopes kuonekwa ari Zvinoumba zvinodhaka zvakawanda. Deuterium rinoshandiswa pharmacological zveBhaibheri kuziva maitiro uye zvinokonzerwa zvinodhaka mumuviri. Tritium inoshandiswa radiodiagnosis akafanana chaikosha zvaraireva nokukanganisika siyana metabolic makemikari. Rehydrogen peroxide ari nhengo, ndiro disinfectant.