Inotungamirwa, Secondary dzidzo uye zvikoro
Halogens: mumuviri ehupfumi, makemikari ehupfumi. The Kushandiswa yeimwe pakati halogens vavo
The halogens mu periodic table kuruboshwe yomuchinda magasi. Izvi hunokachidza esimbi zvinhu shanu muboka 7 Periodic Table. Izvi zvinosanganisira fluorine, kuiisa chlorine, bromine, ayodhini uye astatine. Kunyange astatine radioactive uye ane chete kwenguva pfupi isotopes, izvozvo haazvibati sezvo ayodhini uye inowanzonzi seva halogens. Sezvo halogen zvinhu zviri Valence maerekitironi nomwe, inoda chimwe chete mamwe Erekitironi kuti vaumbe octet wakakwana. mamirire Izvi zvinoita kuti uwane basa pane mamwe mapoka vasiri simbi.
General unhu
Halogens vanoumba diatomic Morekuru (X 2 mhando apo X iri halogen) - fomu-akatsiga kuvapo halogens sezvo vakasununguka masero. Contact pamusoro diatomic mamorekuru nonpolar, uye vasina covalent. Makemikari ehupfumi pamusoro halogens kuvabvumira kuti kuumba yeimwe neruzhinji zvinhu nyore, saka vari kumbobvira rinowanikwa vasina kusungwa muchimiro zvakasikwa. Fluoro - zvikuru rinoita halogen uye astatine - zvishoma.
All halogens boka Ndini ndinoumba munyu zvakafanana ehupfumi. In yeimwe izvi, halides varipo somunhu halide anion ane nokuchengeta -1 (semuenzaniso, Cl -, Br -). Kugumisa -id chinoratidza kuvapo halide anions; semuenzaniso Cl - inonzi "chloride".
Uyezve, makemikari ehupfumi ose halogens kuvabvumira kuita sezvo oxidizing yomuchipatara - oxidized simbi. Most nemakemikari chokuita halogens - redox mu aqueous mhinduro. Halogens vanoumba vasina ukama kabhoni kana senitrogen mu Organic yeimwe, apo ukuru oxidation (CO) akaenzana -1. Kana akazova munhu halogen atomu covalently akasungwa rehydrogen atomu pachinhu makemikari remubatanidzwa denderedzwa rechiedza chivakashure aitwe Kazhinji, kana prefixes fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- - chaizvo halogens. Halogen zvinhu angava crisscross chisungo kuti aumbe diatomic mamorekuru pamwe polar zvisungo covalent kuroorwa.
Kuiisa chlorine (Cl 2) raiva rokutanga halogen yakavhurwa 1774, panguva iyoyo akazarura ayodhini (I 2), bromine (Br 2), fluorine (F 2) uye astatine (Panguva, vakawana rokupedzisira pana 1940 Yg). The zita "halogen" rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki mudzi hal- ( «munyu») uye -Gen ( «chimiro"). Pamwe chete, mashoko aya anoreva "munyu-dzichiumbwa", kusimbisa chokwadi chokuti halogen ikasakendenga pamwe simbi kuumbika munyu. Halite - zita padombo munyu, dzinongoitika chicherwa anoumbwa yavaibvisa chloride (NaCl). Pakupedzisira, halogen inoshandiswa pamba - rine fluoride mu mushonga wemazino, chloro disinfect kunwa mvura, ayodhini uye kunoita kukura thyroid mahormone.
zvine maatomu akafanana
Fluoro - chinhu pamwe mabhomba nhamba 9, runotaurwa naF The zvokuvamba fluorine yakatanga yakawanikwa 1886 d kubudikidza nevamwe kubva hydrofluoric acid.. In vakasununguka mamiriro riripo iri muchimiro fluoro diatomic mamorekuru (F 2) uye ndicho halogen, ari goko. Fluoro - zvikuru electronegative che periodic table. At kamuri tembiricha, munhu rakachenuruka yeyero gasi. Fluorine ane zviduku mabhomba nharaunda. CO Its - -1 kunze zvokuvamba diatomic mamiriro umo ayo oxidation wehurumende iri razero. Fluoro zvikuru mishonga kushingaira uye interacts zvakananga zvinhu zvose kunze nehelium (Iye), neon (Ne) uye argon (Ar). The H 2 O mhinduro, hydrofluoric asidhi (Zvakanaka hf) ndiye simba acid. Kunyange zvikuru electronegative fluoro, ayo electronegativity haana kuziva acidity; Zvakanaka hf chinhu simba asidhi nokuti chokuti fluoride Ion kunokosha (ph> 7). Uyezve, fluoro unobereka oxidants simba chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, fluorine unogona sei pamwe inert gasi xenon nokuumba yakasimba oxidant xenon difluoride (XeF 2). Mafomu akawanda fluoride.
Kuiisa chlorine - chinhu pamwe mabhomba nhamba 17 uye makemikari chiratidzo Cl. Yakawanikwa 1774 ne g. Kusiyanisa kubva hydrochloric acid. In yayo zvokuvamba hurumende anoumba munhu diatomic Morekuru Cl 2. Kuiisa chlorine ane wandei SB -1, 1, 3, 5 uye 7. Panguva nzvimbo tembiricha zviri chiedza girini gasi. Sezvo chisungo inopfurwa pakati mbiri kuiisa chlorine maatomu, simba, Cl 2 morekuru ane zvikuru kukwanisa kupinda papi. Kuiisa chlorine ikasakendenga pamwe simbi yokuumba munyu, makatumidzwa chlorides. Chloride ions ndivo kupfuura zhinji ions zviri yomugungwa. Kuiisa chlorine anewo isotopes maviri: 35 Cl uye 37 Cl. Yavaibvisa chloride ndicho kubatana vose chlorides.
Bromine - makemikari chinhu chine maatomu nhamba 35 uye chiratidzo Br. Wakatanga yakawanikwa 1826 muchimiro chepuraimari bromine riri diatomic Morekuru, Br 2. At nzvimbo tembiricha, chiri yakatsvukuruka mashava zvokunwa. CO Its - -1, + 1, 3, 4 uye 5. Bromo zvakawanda kushingaira kupfuura ayodhini, asi vari sekwaserera pane kuiisa chlorine. Uyezve, Bromo isotope ane mbiri 79 Br uye 81 Br. Bromine rikaitika muchimiro munyu bromide, zvazvichanyungudutswa yomugungwa. Mumakore achangopfuura, kugadzirwa bromide munyika kwakawedzera yekudyidzana nemhaka ichiwanikwa, uye upenyu hurefu. Kufanana nevamwe halogens bromine uye oxidant zviri muchetura kwazvo.
Ayodhini - makemikari chinhu pamwe mabhomba nhamba 53 uye chiratidzo I. The ayodhini oxidation ane: -1, +1, +5 uye +7. Pane ari muchimiro diatomic Morekuru, I 2. At kamuri tembiricha nefuma chikukutu ndechevakura pepuru. Ayodhini ane kugadzikana isotope - 127 I. First yakawanikwa 1811, achibatsirwa algae uye sulfuric acid. Pari, ayodhini ions zvinogona voga mugungwa mvura. Pasinei chokwadi kuti ayodhini haisi chaizvo soluble mumvura, ayo solubility anogona ngazviwedzerwe paaishandisa vakaparadzana iodides. Ayodhini inoita basa rinokosha mumuviri, vachiita kugadzirwa thyroid mahormone.
Astatine - a radioactive chinhu chine maatomu nhamba 85 uye chiratidzo At. zvinogoneka oxidation Its rinoti -1, 1, 3, 5 uye 7. chete halogen kuti haisi diatomic Morekuru. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, imwe esimbi rakaoma zvinhu dema. Astatine haiwanzowaniki chaizvo Kufananidzira, saka zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvake. Uyezve, astatine ane pfupi chaizvo hafu-upenyu, asisiri pane maawa mashoma. Akagamuchira muna 1940 pamusana kwetunhu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti astatine yakafanana ayodhini. Ichazivikanwa esimbi ehupfumi.
Tafura pazasi chinoratidza nemamiriro halogen maatomu, nemamiriro rokunze paiva maerekitironi.
halogen | The configuration of Erekitironi |
fluorine | 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 |
kuiisa chlorine | 2 3s 3p 5 |
bromine | 3d 10 4S 2 4p 5 |
ayodhini | 4D 2 10 5s 5p 5 |
astatine | 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 5 |
mamiriro kwakadaro kunokonzera chokunze paiva maerekitironi kuti mumuviri uye zvemakemikari zvivako yakafanana halogens. Zvisinei, kana tichienzanisa zvinhu izvi uye misiyano vakachengeta.
Periodic ehupfumi halogen boka
ehupfumi zvokunyama nyore zvinhu zviri halogen zvakachinja kuwedzera ordinal nhamba maatomu akafanana. Nokuti Absorção de Água nani uye makuru zvakajeka, tinopa iwe munhu matafura shoma.
Utsotso uye Kubika pfungwa iri boka inowedzerawo pamwe kuwedzera kukura Morekuru (F Table 1. The halogens. Physical zvivako: utsotso uye Kubika pfungwa halogen Utsotso T (C) Kubika T (C) fluorine -220 -188 kuiisa chlorine -101 -35 bromine -7,2 58,8 ayodhini 114 184 astatine 302 337 tsanga saizi kunowedzera (F Table 2: Halogen. Physical ehupfumi: mabhomba radii halogen The covalent nharaunda (pm) Ion (X -) siyana (pm) fluorine 71 133 kuiisa chlorine 99 181 bromine 114 196 ayodhini 133 220 astatine 150 Kana kwokunze Valence maerekitironi havasi raiva pedyo musimboti, rokubviswa hakurevi yakawanda simba pazviri. Saka, simba rinodiwa kuti ejection rokunze Erekitironi haisi yakakwirira panzvimbo dzapasi chikamu boka zvinhu, sezvo pane zvakawanda simba mumatunhu. Uyezve, mukuru simba ionization kunokonzera chinhu kuratidza non-esimbi unhu. esimbi ehupfumi nokuti ionization simba ipfupi (At
Table 3. halogens. Physical ehupfumi: ionisation simba halogen The ionization simba (KJ / mol) fluorine na1681 kuiisa chlorine 1251 bromine 1140 ayodhini 1008 astatine 890 ± 40 Kuwanda Valence maerekitironi iri atomu kunowedzera pamwe kuwedzera simba mumatunhu ari mberi ezasi nhanho. Maerekitironi vari mberi mberi kubva chinoumba; Saka, mwoyo uye maerekitironi vari kwete vakwezvane. The kuwedzera kuongorora imomo. Naizvozvo Electronegativity shoma kuwedzera nguva (At
Table 4. halogens. Physical ehupfumi: electronegativity halogen electronegativity fluorine 4.0 kuiisa chlorine 3.0 bromine 2.8 ayodhini 2.5 astatine 2.2 Sezvo kukura ane atomu inowedzera pamwe kwenguva Erekitironi sungano iri kazhinji wakaderedzwa (B
Table 5. sungano halogen Erekitironi halogen Erekitironi sungano (KJ / mol) fluorine -328,0 kuiisa chlorine -349,0 bromine -324,6 ayodhini -295,2 astatine -270,1 Reactivity kuti halogen shoma kuwedzera nguva (At
Halide akaumba kana halogen iri akaita nevamwe, zvishoma electronegative maatomu akafanana kuumba binary akakura. Rehydrogen ikasakendenga pamwe halogens yokuumba halides HX mhando: rehydrogen halides zviri nyore zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura kuumba hydrohalic (hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic acid). The ehupfumi pamusoro acids izvi vanopiwa pazasi. The acids inoumbwa zvinotevera maitiro: HX (aq) + H 2 O (l) → X - (aq) + H 3 Haiwa + (aq). All halide rehydrogen kuti aumbe simba acid, kunze Zvakanaka hf. Acidity inowedzera hydrohalic acids: Zvakanaka hf Hydrofluoric asidhi anogona etch girazi nedzimwe fluorides inorganic yakareba. Zvingaita sokuti musoro kuti Zvakanaka hf ndiye dukusa hydrohalic acid, sezvo fluorine pacharwo kumusoro electronegativity. Asi H-F chisungo chakasimba chaizvo, zvichiguma simba chaizvo acid. Ukama hwakasimba chinorondedzerwa nenzira pfupi chisungo urefu uye hombe dissociation simba. Zvose hydrogen halides Zvakanaka hf ane pfupi kubatana kureba kupfuura chisungo dissociation simba. Halogen oxo acids muri acids pamwe rehydrogen maatomu, okisijeni uye halogen. acidity yavo inogona tsunga nokuongorora chivako. Halogen oxoacids dzinoturwa pazasi: In nechimwe izvi hwepurotoni acids vakasungwa bhodhoro atomu, saka fananidzo chisungo tsanga protons hazvibatsiri. Chikuru basa iri kuridzwa pano electronegativity. Acidity kunowedzera nokuwanda okisijeni maatomu waakaita kuti nechepakati atomu. The inokosha ehupfumi zviri halogens chaiko kwenguva pfupi kunogona kutaurwa zvinotevera tafura. Fuma ezvinhu (pa nzvimbo tembiricha) halogen chitarisiko simba ayodhini pepuru astatine dema mvura-mvura bromine russet gaseous fluorine akacheneruka shora mashava kuiisa chlorine girini akacheneruka Ruvara nemhaka halogens Absorção de Água chiedza kuonekwa mamorekuru zvichikonzera maerekitironi manyawi. Fluoro absorbs Violet chiedza, uye somugumisiro anotarisa tsvuku rakachenuruka. Ayodhini, kusiyana, absorbs chiedza yeyero uye anotarisa pepuru (yeyero nezvishava - nopindirana mavara). Halogen ruvara rinokwidibira pamwe kuwedzera nguva. The rakanamwa midziyo mvura bromine uye rakasimba ayodhini zviri zvakanyatsoenzana pamwe pamwando wawo, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa sechinhu gasi wechitema. Kunyange zvazvo ruvara astatine isingazivikanwi, zvinonzi aidavira kuti kuva zvasviba ayodhini (t. E. Black) maererano kuchengetwa muenzaniso. Zvino, kana ukabvunzwa: "Tsanangura ehupfumi ose halogens mumuviri," iwe uchati. The mwero oxidation inowanzoshandiswa pachinzvimbo "Valence kuti halogens." Kazhinji, asi oxidation mamiriro akaenzana -1. Asi kana halogen unesungano mumwe okisijeni kana halogen, zvingatora mamwe inoti: okisijeni -2 SB ane pokutanga. Kana vaviri vakasiyana halogen maatomu waakaita pamwe kupfuura electronegative atomu chinokurira uye anotora CO -1. Somuenzaniso, muna ayodhini chloride (ICl) ndiro CO chloro -1, +1 uye ayodhini. Kuiisa chlorine zvikuru electronegative pane ayodhini, naizvozvo CO akaenzana -1. The bromic asidhi (HBrO 4) okisijeni ane CO -8 (-2 X 4 = -8 atomu). Rehydrogen rine zvachose oxidation nhamba +1. Uyezve izvi tsika mbiri anopa CO -7. Sezvo mukomboni chokupedzisira SB inofanira kuva zero, asi CO ndiyo nomwe bromine. Chechitatu anosiiwa mutemo uyu mwero oxidation zviri halogen iri zvokuvamba chimiro (X 2), apo ayo CO vakaenzana razero. halogen Munguva yeimwe ari CO fluorine -1 kuiisa chlorine -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 bromine -1, +1, +3, +4, +5 ayodhini -1, +1, +5, +7 astatine -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 Electronegativity kunowedzera nguva. Saka, zviri fluorine ane chikuru electronegativity pamusoro zvinhu zvose, sezvinoratidzwa panzvimbo yacho periodic table. Its zvemagetsi configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5. Kana fluoride anowana mumwe Erekitironi, akanyanyisa peji orbitals azara zvachose uye dzinoumba octet wakakwana. Nekuti fluorine ane refu electronegativity, inogona kusarudza nyore imwe Erekitironi kubva yakavakidzana maatomu. Fluoride muchiitiko ichi isoelectronic inert gasi (pamwe sere Valence maerekitironi) uye zvose zvayo kwokunze orbitals akazara. In mamiriro ichi, fluorine zvakawanda yakatsiga. Zvakasikwa, ari halogens vari panguva anion, saka vakasununguka halogen iri zvinoberekwa oxidation nokuda electrolysis kana oxidants. Somuenzaniso, kuiisa chlorine iri kunotangira hydrolysis kuti yavaibvisa chloride mhinduro. Kushandiswa halogens uye dzavo dzakasiyana-siyana yeimwe. Inorganic kemesitiri. Rehydrogen + halogens
halogen oxoacids
Pakuonekwa uye ezvinhu nyaya
tsananguro chitarisiko
The mwero oxidation ose halogens mu yeimwe
Sei pamwe fluorine anogara -1?
Kugadzirira uye kushandisa halogens
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