Aldehydes uye ketones. The zvivako uye kwetunhu carbonyl yeimwe

The Organic remubatanidzwa ine zvayo samolecular maumbirwo rimwe carbonyl boka zvinotevera chimiro:> C = O, - kunzi oxo-yeimwe uye vari huviri paupamhi mhando - aldehydes uye ketones. Maererano maumbirwo yeHydrocarbon radicals, izvi zvinhu dzinoiswa kupinda aliphatic, anonhuhwirira uye alicyclic. Rokutanga uye rechipiri mamorekuru dzinoratidzwa boka carbonyl riri chokuita zvakananga kuti benzene mhete kana divi cheni. Aldehydes uye ketones pamwe samolecular muchisungo anonhuhwirira series, vane dzichipfekeka boka iri divi cheni inokurukurwa sezvo nomukaka zviri aliphatic carbonyl yeimwe.

Zvinonhuwirira aldehydes vari synthesized mune huru nenzira mbiri: Pakusuma carbonyl boka rive benzene chindori electrophilic kuzvitsinhanisa uye Kutendeuka substituents vatovapo marongerwo. Aldehydes uye ketones zvinosanganisira zvose Organic yeimwe ndivo kupfuura reactive. Uyezve, mune makemikari mashoko okutanga wechipiri zvikuru kushingaira. Nokuti aldehydes chaizvo nezvaiitwa oxidation maitiro, kuzvitsinhanisa, polymerization, kuwedzera uye condensation. Ketones zvakare regai anotsigira polymerization zvakaitwa.

Kugadzirira anonhuhwirira aldehydes, kunyanya benzaldehyde yeimwe kubudikidza oxidation kuti yeHydrocarbon mhepo muvhenganiswa industrially akabudiswa. Maitiro akadaro kuitwa kwemakemikari zvirimwa vachishandisa oxides chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana, semuenzaniso, vanadium oxide. Uyezve, nokuti kwetunhu inonhuwirira aldehyde ingashandiswa dzakashandiswa pakugadzirira yeimwe ose aliphatic dzakatevedzana.

Zvinonhuwirira aldehydes dzinoturwa zvikurukuru insoluble mune aqueous svikiro mvura ine pachangu kunzwa kunhuwa zvinovava maarumondi. The zvakawanda kure kubva benzene chindori ari carbonyl boka, vane kuti rakapinza anova kwakanaka yavo. Zvinonhuwirira aldehydes makemikari ehupfumi zviri zvikurukuru yakafanana, pamwe chete aliphatic yeimwe nokuda yakawiriranwa zvinoitwa benzene mhete uye carbonyl boka, nhaka zvimwe chaiyo zvemakemikari zvivako uye chitarisiko. Somuenzaniso, vanogona kuva nyore oxidized kune carboxylic asidhi achiteverwa rutapudzo kuti unoenderana alcohols uye Mahydrocarbon. A propionaldehyde, iyo hwakakanyiwa mhando zvinoita zvokufembedzwa pamberi yakakodzera catalysts zhinji tsime iri kutendeukira propionic asidhi uye hydrogenation - iri propanol.

Nokuti kwetunhu zvinonhuwirira ketones kunogona kuva nzira ispolzony zhinji. Somuenzaniso, mashoko alkaline hydrolysis muitiro geminal dihalides, dehydrogenation, oxidation of unoenderana yechipiri monohydric doro yeimwe, uye vamwe. Zvisinei, zvinokosha nzira yako yeimwe izvi ndizvo acylation Kwezvinonhuhwirira yeimwe. aldehydes All uye ketones ane electrophilic pakati, zvakakwana kushamwaridzana nucleophilic reagents dzakatevedzana.

Kwakadaro zvinonhuwirira yeimwe pamwe Erekitironi-rizowedzerwa substituents uyewo kupinda nyore kupinda acylation zvavaifunga. Ketones of samolecular mamiriro vari mvura kana zvinhu zvakaoma ane inofadza maruva kwakanaka, insoluble mu mvura, izvo zvinoita kuti zvinowanzoshandiswa zvinonhuhwira indasitiri.