The Patriarch rokutanga muMoscow uye All Russia: nhoroondo shanduro rokuti uye namasimba

Munhoroondo Orthodoxy XIV remakore yakachinja. Mushure vokuTurkey vakakunda Constantinople muna 1453, kuwa Byzantium uye Russia, izvo haana yayo tateguru, ndiye chete akazvimirira nyika Orthodox munyika. machechi All Eastern vaitarisirwa pasi Turkish zviremera. Izvi zvakabatsira kuti chokwadi kuti muna 1589 akaiswa kuna basa Patriarch rokutanga muMoscow uye All Russia, Jobho aiziva sezvo akaenzana pakati mumwe Orthodox kumadzibaba mana.

Childhood muranda John

Zita Patriarch of Moscow uye Russia All wekutanga, akagamuchira Rubhabhatidzo Mutsvene - John. Achitaura aberekwa nokuchengetedza mashoko kuti akauya munyika iri thirties ari XVI remakore. Maererano nemishumo, tateguru wokutanga muMoscow uye Russia All, akaberekerwa mumhuri yevanhuwo zvavo, uyo ari anonzi Posad kirasi. History akachengetedza zita ramai chete, izvozvo kushandisa pashure kuitwa monasticism kwatiri - Pelagia.

Pazera mukomana wakapiwa John ari pedyo ari yemamongi, apo wakange achizopfuura kuverenga uye zvinokosha kutenda. Izvi vaigona kuva uchapupu umwari vabereki vanosarudza mwana kudzidzisa mwana wako rudo kutenda sababa, uye vamwe pamuraudziro wavo, kubva pamakore iwayo kudiwa kazhinji anoita vana vaduku vanotanga kushanda. Zvisinei, basa dzvene yemamongi vanopeputswa ari jaya zvakadzama zvitendero kunzwa uye chido chokuva mumongi. remangwana bhishopi muMoscow uye All Russia wokutanga asati atanga nzira yake asarudza, aifanira kuona kuhukukutu hwemwoyo yavo nevavariro.

tsika Church anotiudza kuti baba vake vakakahadzika mano mwanakomana wake kuti vatakure matambudziko yemamongi upenyu uye kuda kutendeuka kubva ake urongwa kumuwana mwenga, akakotamira muchato. Never vasati haana kupikisana vabereki vavo, John haana kuda kuramba uye nenguva ino, asi nezuva yomuchato akakumbira mvumo kuenda wemamongi uye kushanyira sero wake wemazano pakunamata.

Climbing nzira monasticism

Haana kudzokera kumba kwake. Pashure pokutaura Archimandrite mukomana German zvakasimba akasarudza kuti nzvimbo yake haisi munyika akabatikana, uye masvingo tsvene wemamongi. Pazuva iroro akavhiyiwa kuti tsika tonsure uye akapiwa zita Jobho, uyo akatora vakavatevera wose vairemekedza vatsvene kwaJobho Kutambura.

Yemamongi upenyu hakusi nyore kuti chero novopostrizhennogo mumongi. Zvakawanda Links kuti akare uye anotungamirira pfungwa zvaakaona akasiya munyika paakaita chiito chake chinokosha muupenyu. Zvakaoma chaizvo kuti urarame utsinye ezvinhu vari wemamongi, asi kunyange kuoma kuvamanikidza pachangu kwete kuteerera kuda kwake, asi chete mirairo wemazano, uyo akafunga kutarisirwa paumbwe ruzivo mune zvokunamata.

Future Patriarch of Moscow uye Russia All wokutanga, Jobho aiva mumwe wevaya vashandi vanoita nokuzvininipisa wakaenzana chero vakaisa pamusoro pavo kuteerera. Usati wakwira kusvika misoro nezviremera Church, achigura zvose zvokukura yemamongi basa - kubva nyore ruzivo kusvika abbot. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna 1569, pakashanya kuti wemamongi Ivanom Groznym, akaita vagutsikane pamusoro pamambo uye pashure kwenguva pfupi yake murayiro vakava Archimandrite.

Zvokukura nzira yokushumira chechi

Pakupera 1570 akatamira Moscow uye akava Rector of Simonov wemamonk. Vakananga kwemakore mashanu, mumwe dzemamongi kupfuura munyika, St. Job ari kushingaira zvaisanganisira kwete zvechitendero asi upenyu enyika munyika.

In inotevera nguva akatungamirira dzimba dzakawanda, ichiteverwa ake kugadzwa rokutanga bhishopu Kolomna, uye ipapo Bhishopu Mukuru Rostov Guru. The soro pamwero simba nguva kusvikira St Job muna 1587, achiva Metropolitan kuMoscow. Zvisinei, pamberi pake kumirira itsva, yepamusoro rokuremekedza - wokutanga Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia.

Pokugadzwa patriarchate kuRussia

Kugona kuti tateguru yavo munyika kwakakonzerwa zvinhu zvizhinji, mukuru chiri kuwedzera basa Russian Orthodox pakati dzimwe nyika, panguva iyoyo pasi Turkish pejoko. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, aichimbova nhare Eastern Church - Byzantium - akawira muna 1453 pasi kumanikidzwa kupinda nechisimba.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti vokuTurkey haana kurambidza mabasa chechi yechiKristu iri dzatorwa ivo, asi akaita chaizvo unceremoniously vamiririri vayo, zvichienderana ake kupfuura kunonakidza achishandisa chero pfuma. Kwakadaro expropriations zvinoitiswa rusingaperi kakawanda, achitora unhu undisguised zvaibiwa kwakaenderera nemasangano chechi pakupedzisira akatungamirira yakamira dzatorwa, kuti wakakwana impoverishment.

Vasina mari kuvakazve aparadzwe machechi uye zviri vafundisi, kuti primate ari Byzantine Church akamanikidzwa kudare Russian chevaux Fodoru Ioannovichu rubatsiro rwemari. Russian mambo akatora mukana uyu wakanaka mukana, kubva, maererano Charter dzekereke, akaisa musoro wemhuri itsva angadai chete anga achiita primate, uye nokuda Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia rokutanga rava mambo rworudyi vanhu vaida chikomborero chake.

The chiitiko chikuru muupenyu chechi

Musoro wekereke Byzantine akasvika kune akakwegura muna 1588 uye, maererano vakararama, iye yakarohwa rwokuramba yamambo, uye kwokushamisira kunamata rakaitirwa mumatemberi guru racho. Uyezve, sezvo chinozivikanwa kubva chete zvinyorwa, izvozvo akaita zvinhu zvisingafi mwoyo kuratidzwa vatsvene vanhu Russian vakapupurira rova zvechigarire.

Zuva nezuva, kwose tateguru akazviratidza, akanga akapoteredzwa gobvu mapoka evanhu anoda chikomborero. Kwete kunzwa vakasununguka kufuratira yakadaro noushamwari kutaura zvechitendero manzwiro, akamanikidzwa kuramba kwemaawa mumugwagwa, takapoteredzwa chindori vatendi.

Vanyori venhau dzakaitika kuti yake zano chepakutanga chaiva chete kugamuchira rubatsiro rwemari kubva mambo, uye hapana zvakawanda zvakanga zvisiri. Zvisinei, achiziva kuti tichiramba zvinoenderana chikumbiro iri autocrat ari kurwira Russian Church Patriarch, achaisiya chinhu, Jeremiya aitofanira kubvumirana, uye mugumisiro wacho February 5, 1589 panguva rekuUnited ateteguru cheya akakwira Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia yokutanga. Pasarudzo iri yakakwirira basa nayo Metropolitan Jobho akanga ari behest pamusoro chevaux Fodora Ioannovicha, chemumwe iye uye kugeza achimufarira youmambo.

Mabasa atateguru itsva

The vachangobva akasarudza Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia, ane simba kuratidzirwa zvose zvoupenyu hwechitendero, pakarepo akatumira munyika zvinhu zvichinjwe muchechi wokutanga. Innovation achinetseka kusikwa dzokuwedzera yemo uye kuvandudza kurangwa pakati vafundisi. Home dambudziko rako akaona ari nokusimbaradza ari Orthodoxy uye nesimba mamiriro zvokunamata. Church kare vanoti mushure Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia rokutanga aiva Metropolitan Jobho, Chechi yeOrthodox yomuRussia amuka kune imwe hahungawanikwi chechetere pamberi.

Mabasa bhishopi munguva nenyonganyonga

Muna 1598, nyika akakandwa munyonganyonga, anozivikanwa somunhu Nguva Troubles. The Patriarch rokutanga muMoscow uye Russia All, izvo iye vanosungirwa kuva musoro musoro vanhu, chaizvoizvo akatungamirira nemishonga pamusoro kudira kunyika Russian munharaunda yechiLatvian Polish nechisimba. Akatuma tsamba kumativi ose enyika, umo akadana kuti vadzivise vatorwa.

Kana akaswedera kuna Moscow vazhinji, inotungamirwa Venhema Dmitry, wokutanga Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia, Jobho aiva pakati pevaya vakaramba kubvuma imposter. Maererano nevaongorori, mune imwe nguva Gregory Otrepyev aiva munyori muna Jobho, saka iye, akaita munhu, kunzwisisa zvinhu zvichiitika unyengeri. Akatuka Falsdmitry nevateveri vake vose pachena.

Kana muna April 1605 guta mumaoko munyengeri, mutsvene, Jobho akaramba kupika mhiko kwaari uye Akabviswa. Muna August wegore iroro, vatsigiri akakundwa Venhema Dmitry Patriarchal makamuri, uye primate pashure vakawanda kurohwa uye kunyadziswa somunhu nyore mumongi akatumirwa Staritsa wemamongi, uko akapedza makore maviri ari kugara munamato pamusoro njodzi Yababa.

End upenyu atateguru

utano murombo haana kumubvumira kuti kumuka zvakare muna primatial munoona. Akafa muna 1607 uye akavigwa wemamongi nokufungidzira, umwe uko kamwe akatanga yemamongi basa. Muna muna 1652 zvisaririra mushakabvu vakanga kuendeswa kune guru uye akaisa muna kubvuma Cathedral. Nechekare nhasi, muna October 2012, hierarch wokutanga, Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia, Jobho akanga akudzwa vatsvene. Yaiva musoro chiito, achitaura mugumisiro mabasa ake ave musoro wekereke.

Wedzero yekupindurwa ateteguru rokuti

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ateteguru reruremekedzo emakore kwave kuchiita dzinoverengeka wedzero kuchinja uye rinoshandiswa nhasi pamusoro St. Job rokuremekedza - the Patriarch rokutanga muMoscow uye All Russia - kwete chaizvo zvawataura. Chokwadi kuti munguva yakapfuura ushe pamusoro Bhishopi Nikon (kusvika muna 1652), nyika unoratidzwa zita se "Rusia", uye chete vakazobvumirana wechinhu "Russian". In pre-Petrine nguva musoro aine mashoko "uye vose Nordic Patriarch."

Kana rokuti, vaipfeka St Job, mune zvinyorwa pane mamwe vapepeti, umo Moscow iri rwakaiswa "guta Imperial", uye Russia anonzi "umambo kukuru." Anozivikanwa, nezvimwe zvakasiyana Vakaonekwa zvinyorwa yakasainwa kubudikidza primate yeRussian Church akasiyana munhoroondo nguva. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kusabvumirana vakadaro zvinokonzerwa kunyanya nokuda kushaya kufanana kare remakore ari kugadzirira zvitupa - zvose echitendero uye enyika.

Masimba atateguru

Under kuitika mutemo ikozvino Roc, Patriarch masimba zvinosanganisira kunyanya administrative kushanda, ichipa mukana kudzora Church. It anomupa pamusoro payo basa convening ari Local uye maBhishopu 'Councils, uyewo kugadzwa Revafundisi yezvirongwa. Patriarch anogadza zvose mukuru vakuru vechechi, kusanganisira vakuru zvikoro zvose siyana dzechitendero. Zvimwe pfungwa yemadzitateguru simba chatinokoshesa basa kumiririra Church kuti hurumende nemasangano dzakawanda.

Vice-Patriarch

Kuita mabasa akatumirwa Patriarch, hazviiti pasina zvine weboka mabasa pakati vevatariri ake - vicars. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anokonzera sangano yeupenyu Church mune rimwe dunhu yakafara of Moscow diocese. Mumiriri ari Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia, riri mutariri kwayo chinokosha chokutanga, uyezve, munhu zvakananga uye mutevedzeri bhishopi, uye chiitiko urwere, rufu kana mudyandigere kwenguva kuita mabasa ayo kusvikira nesananguro nomunhu.

Propaganda zivo dzechitendero

Sezvo Saint-Job, Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia wokutanga, akakwira kuna primatial kuona, nhoroondo Russian Patriarchate, iyo yakakanganiswa paitonga Peter I ndokutangazve pasi Stalin, ane gumi namatanhatu primate yeRussian Church. Nemhaka zvavo indefatigable pamabasa Orthodox upenyu munyika yedu rwakawana nezvimiro, izvo akabvumira kuti tive hwaro maererano nokuda Zvizvarwa vokuRussia zvokunamata.

Kwete kuva chakaipa kuona kuti, kusvikira munhoroondo Russia, kusanganisira kereke, chinokudza magamba ayo, sezvo kuedza zvakawanda kubvisa kubva ndangariro zvizvarwa vatengesi venyika Motherland. Muenzaniso ndiye wakashata tateguru Ignatius, mhiko 1605 uye kwakatangwa Falsdmitry Polish nechisimba. zita rake nokusingaperi akadzimwa mazita emadzimambo akadzima kubva National ndangariro.

Munguva yokutambudzwa kuna Mwari pamusoro Orthodoxy zvose hanya dzidziso uye chechi nhoroondo, yakanga kunze kubva chikoro hweutungamiri. Izvi zvakakonzera zvinokosha Makwanza mukuziva izvi anoranga Vagari Russia ano. Kunyange mubvunzo uri nyore: "Ndezvipi Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia yokutanga" akaisa vakawanda vakafa magumo. Zvisinei, mazuva ano, ungano dzakawanda Sunday chikoro vana uye vakuru, uye kuitwa basa rakakura rokudzidzisa zvainanga kururamisa zvinhu.