Simba Dual mu Russia (1917): netafura, zvinokonzera uye zvabuda

The February chimurenga achinja zvachose sezvo pasocial uye enyika aimbova Empire Russian. Zvivako zhinji hurumende vakanga yakaguma, zvakatanga kwakakomba yekuvandudzwa kuti muboka revatungamiriri. Pakutanga, izvi zvose aimboita kuti chishamiso, vatorwa siyana utungamiriri. A muenzaniso wakakwana isimba hunyambiri kuRussia muna 1917 pamusoro zvinokonzera ayo uye migumisiro zvinofanira kukurukurwa yoga.

Chii?

Somugumisiro pokuchinja Russia aiva mutemo nani yepakutanga Unit, iro rakaumbwa ne dikidiki Hurumende Soviet Workers 'uye Masoja' navakuru. Panguva iyoyo, mashoko Zvinoumba Hurumende kwaiva vanhu gumi: mana Cadets, vaviri Octobrist, mumwe progressives uye SR, uyewo mumiririri mumwe kubva Provincial Council uye nhengo asiri bato. The Kuronga Board Kunoumbwa kunyanya Social kuipandukira uye Mensheviks. Vaidavira kuti muviri wavo achiri asina kugadzirira kuti chibate mamiriro, uye naizvozvo tinofanira kukutadzisa kutarisira hurumende.

Saka, hunyambiri simba kuRussia muna 1917 - imwe gadziriro hurumende umo simba yakaparidzwa pakati kwemiviri vaviri dikidiki Government uye neDare Workers 'uye Varimi' navakuru. Tichingotarisa, zano rakadaro rinoreva yakawiriranwa kuzvidzora uye kudzivirira "kinks" kuti vanobatsirwa chete vamwe mamwe magariro strata. In tsika, zvikazooneka saka zvakanaka kwete.

zvikonzero

Panzira, nei vakawanda kwaiva simba hunyambiri muRussia muna 1917? Zvikonzero ichi panzvimbo banal. Chekutanga, tataura kuti zvose masimba enyika muRussia panguva iyoyo vaida simba, asi kuti pachavo chaizvo hadzishandi.

Uyezve, paiva kusada wakakwana kutakura mutoro yezviito zvavo. Izvozvo hazvina rawakambonzwa? Somuenzaniso, hapana akakwanisa kuunza nyika kubva hondo, kunyange yagara kunzwisisa kusabatsira sectors vose munzanga. Nepo simba Dual muRussia muna 1917, pakanga raishanda hapana chaakaitirwa kutamira chaiye nyika vanhuwo zvavo, izvo zviri kumirira vakawanda muna 1861. Ichokwadi, zvose izvozvo akamisa vanhu pamusoro dikidiki Hurumende Board.

Council uye Government Relations

The Hurumende okunda mbiri pfungwa maonero pamusoro mafungiro kusvika mugovanisi Council. Vose vaiva zvakafanana: mumutsetse wokutanga, vevatariri aidavira kuti hazvibviri kuti chero zvichemo zvachose, yechipiri - izvo zvinofanira zvishoma nezvishoma gamha zvose utariri zvirongwa. Asi chaizvoizvo, kufuratira Council akanga zvachose zvisingaiti, sezvo akavimba vatsigire nezvombo vanhu.

Uye nekuti ari kuzivisa, iro rakagamuchirwa March 3, 1917, pamwe chete naye akanga aifarirwa enyika zvizere ruregero vakazivisa dzokunamata takasununguka uye abolition pakati wapamusoro, akarambidza kirasi uye neboka rusarura, uye vakaudza pamusoro convening of Constituent Assembly.

Rinozvipikisa March Declaration

Zvakakomba, uyo akaita hunyambiri simba muRussia muna 1917, waiva kuti nhengo yedare mitumbi izvi haana kutaura chero kugumiswa benzi hondo, kana pamusoro kutorerwa Varidzi venyika. Mukuwedzera, Chirevo kuDemocratic Republic yakapikirwa haana kuitika. Kwete muduku, izvi zvakanga nokuti kuti ari dikidiki Hurumende vakatsvaka kuti chero kwaiva pfungwa hurumende simba rose zvayo maoko.

Chii chaiva hurumende mamiriro kokutanga pashure February chimurenga?

Pakutanga, vatana administrative midziyo akanga kunyatsochengetwa. Panzvimbo vabati Hurumende vezviitiko vakavimba vakanga wakadyarwa. Mitemo zvakazara kunoramba zvakafanana. Mapurisa chikatsiviwa vanhu nevarwi. Pakutanga, vanhu vane chivimbo muna dikidiki Government, sezvo vanhu vaidavira kuti nhengo dzayo pakupedzisira kugumisa hondo uye kuuya nyika kubva dambudziko.

Saka, hunyambiri simba kuRussia. 1917 muchivanze, munyika murwi zvisingagadziriswi zveupfumi matambudziko. Resources kubata navo vaiva vanenge vose munzanga strata aiva zviremera zvitsva, sezvo tsarist hurumende mumakore achangodarika kuita chinhu, nokukurumidza uye kusarudza kuti kuunza nyika kuti dambudziko. Asi nokuda kwechikonzero hazvina kushanda uye dikidiki Government?

dzora kukanganisa

Achitaura kudiwa nyaya pasi rakanga kumbosiyiwa kune vekupedzisira, kusvikira kune ungano iri Constituent Assembly. Saka hazvishamisi kuti vakawanda vanogara Hurumende razova zvakare utsinye mutorwa. Makakatanwa vakatasva, uye akatanga kuti nematambudziko ari dikidiki Government.

18 April P. N. Milyukov, uyo panguva iyoyo gurukota Affairs Foreign, akati shoko muvakutsiri kuti Russia, pasinei nezvose, ari kuenda "kundorwa zvokutozosvika pakupopotedzana." Zviuru vanhu vakabuda kuti rikanganise, kwete kuda kutumira vavanoda panguva nedendere hondo dzose. Milyukov uye Defense Minister A. I. Guchkov vakanga pakarepo nerechipiri. Pakutanga May, ari dikidiki Government inosanganisira vamwe Mensheviks uye SRs.

mubatanidzwa hurumende

Iyi ndiyo nguva muhurumende yomubatanidzwa, apo nyika yaitongwa 10 "capitalists" uye "Socialist nhanhatu". Zvisinei, zvose matambudziko kugadziriswa, kunyange zvayaigona hatichamuzivi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, zvakanga akaberekwa chaizvo akanaka ezvinhu kutsigira vanhu Bolshevism. June 3, 1917 panguva First All-Union Congress of vokuSoviet akaita Lenin V. I., vakanga vagara vadzoka kubva kuutapwa.

Akati kuti bato ravo zvakaonwa vachienda munyika nyangarara, akagadzirira kutora zvose simba mumaoko avo uye kuti agadzirise. Saka, simba hunyambiri kuRussia muna 1917 ose kurumidzei akatanga kudzikira kutsigirwa zvikamu zvose vemo. Hurumende uye Policy Council vasingadi munhu.

Direction - mumwe udzvinyiriri!

Mensheviks uye SRs vacho kunyanya kuoma, nokuti vakanga "vaidyidzana pamwe bourgeoisie" iri pamberi dikidiki Government. In firimu inokonzerwa Bolsheviks kune vatsigiri vakawanda. Zvakaitika June 18, akaratidza izvi zvakajeka zvikuru. On Nanhasi Council vakaronga mumwe dziite pakutsigira dikidiki Government. The Bolsheviks vakaita ngozi yakadaro yakajeka pakarepo akashevedza vashandi kuti "kwatangwa" dziite.

In St. Petersburg moga, mumigwagwa kwete zvishoma pane vanhu zviuru mazana mashanu uyo "vakatakura uremu" mumwe anozivikanwa masirogani: "! Simba Zvose neSoviet", "pasi capitalist vashumiri!", "Pasi hondo!".

Kukundikana pamberi

dambudziko Hurumende raisava kure, asi panguva iyoyo yakatanga inogumbura mauto eRussia muna South-Western Front. Mazuva gumi chete riri Musanyura chose pasi, kurasikirwa Russian vakanga kwazvo. Maererano vakapararira zvakachengetedzwa nokupeta zvinogona vakagumisa kuti akauraya zviuru 60 varwi. Anouya itsva enyika dambudziko.

Rorusere July muna Central Committee of Cadets vakasarudza kutora zvachose kubva "hurumende collaborationist," panguva iyoyo ndotodururwa nekambani iri nationalist kumapati rweUkraine, vabvuma pamusoro tichitarisa kwebhuku vachangoberekwa nyika iyi kubva Russia.

Nokukurumidza mumigwagwa St. Petersburg zvakare aitambudza zviuru mienzaniso kwakaitika pasi sirogani pakati kuchinjwa kwesimba zvose nokuda Bolsheviks. nguva ino zvinhu rakaoma nokuti pakati vanhu vazhinji varwi uye vengarava. Kazhinji, Dual simba aivapo zvikurukuru nokuti kutenda vanhu Russia 1917 pakuti nhengo dzayo vachakwanisa kumisa hondo. Kana izvi hazvina kuitika, kuti kutendeseka pakati nevanovhota chakarasika pakarepo.

madokero Dual simba

The Hurumende atora munhu yenhamo chisarudzo nezvokudiwa kushandisa simba. It akauraya vanhu vanenge 700, uye voruzhinji Kutarisirwa iri zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga vapedzisire munhu banal udzvinyiriri. Wakatangwa mutemo wechiuto muguta guru nokukurumidza vaziva dzakabatana zvechiuto dzakavharwa zvakakwana anenge ose yakakura pepanhau.

Second mubatanidzwa hurumende

Iye chirevo pamusoro kunokurumidza vasungwe V. I. Lenina uye G. E. Zinoveva, uyo panguva iyoyo akanga inotungamirirwa ari Bolshevik Party. July 24 yakaumbwa "yakabudiswa chechipiri" ari muhurumende yomubatanidzwa, iyo nguva ino zvaisanganisira masere "capitalists" uye nomwe "Socialist". Prime Minister itsva simba anova nomukurumbira A. F. Kerensky.

Nemhaka yezvakaitika yokushamwaridzana nenyonganyonga kuburikidza iyo yakaguma hunyambiri simba kuRussia muna 1917? Table anorondedzera muchidimbu sei zvakaitika katatu pamberi dambudziko, uye zvinokonzera kuti akatungamirira kwavari.

Kutaura zvazviri, simba hunyambiri kuRussia muna 1917 uye dzakaguma muna ichi, sezvo pashure pakusikwa hurumende wehurumende chaizvoizvo inotungamirirwa pakati Mensheviks. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, inenge simba-kugovana masimba Kutaura asingadi kuenda. Saka, chii chakaita hunyambiri simba kuRussia muna 1917? Zvabuda vaiva tsamwisa:

• Pane kutanga chihombe Kunzanga.
• Hondo uye Zvikepe zvaiva pachena kwete parutivi nehurumende.
• Kuunza nyika kubva hondo hapana akamboda.
• Land kuti vanhuwo zvavo haina Kutamiswa.
• Zvakakodzera zveupfumi kuchinja, vanhu havana kumirira.

Kazhinji, simba hunyambiri muRussia muna 1917, kakawanda iro dunhu wataurwa pamusoro, pane zvinoshamisa muenzaniso simba sei uye kuchengeteka masimba enyika "Dorval" kuzviremera, havakwanisi kuita chinhu here chinobatsira. The Bolsheviks akatora mwoyo yevanhu kuti akasarudza kwete rant, asi kuita.

Vakamira achiri kubatanidzwa reRussia muhondo, kunyange zvazvo vakaita kudaro "zvinonyadzisa Brest Rugare", sezvo Lenin pachake akataura zvakananga. Zvisinei, kutanga gadzikanei uye nokuda nyika Kuzorora Aikosha. Tinovimba zvawakadzidza pamusoro zvinhu nokusingaperi akamira hunyambiri simba muRussia muna 1917 Table, izvo isu ambotaurwa, anotsanangura chikonzero chikuru.

Kornilov mutiny

Mushure hunyambiri simba chakanga chapedzwa, kuedza kubatanidza zvose masimba enyika munyika yakaitwa kuti kudzivirira kubva dzisatsvedza mhirizhonga yevagari vemo. In pemwedzi August kwakaitika musangano zvakawanda pachena, iyo wakapindwa ose enyika masimba venyika. Kuwedzera Bolsheviks. Haiwa, asi kuedza kusvika pakubvumirana akakundikana nokuti umpteenth nguva: asi Mensheviks akadana chaicho kuchinja uye coexistence pamwe Council, iyo bourgeoisie vo vakasimbirira udzvinyiriri uye pakupedzisira kubviswa Socialist zvose.

In ezvinhu aya vakava zvichibvira muchiuto kubvuta masimba, "mutariri" pane chakanga General LG Kornilov. chirongwa chake zvaisanganisira zvachose kubviswa pakati Bolshevik vatungamiri, asi vo kuunganidza matanho ari upfumi, kudzorerwa rufu muna Navy uye Army. Munguva ichangopfuura, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti amise kukurumidza kukura kuwedzera mauto. Kornilov miscalculated: nayo kukamukira anenge ose ezvematongerwe enyika, izvo hakuna mwoyo kudzorerwa youmambo udzvinyiriri. Munguva vhiki, kupandukira woutsinye.

Kana ukanyatsoongorora kuverenga chikamu nyaya yokutanga, iwe pamwe yeuka kuti simba hunyambiri muRussia muna 1917 kwakaguma nokuda kuzengurira vevatariri uye dikidiki Government. Chete ndivo yakakodzera uye zvakazoitika: kugamuchira, pakupedzisira, simba chairo, mapato ezvematongerwe enyika vakaita hanya. nhengo dzavo kare havana kuda chinhu, asi nokuti Bolsheviks vakanga nyore vatora hurumende yaitonga mumaoko avo, kushandisa kutsigirwa zvizere vaneta vose ava.