Kana akaumba umambo weBhabhironi? Nhoroondo umambo muBhabhironi

Munhoroondo yevanhu pane zvakawanda Semi-kunozivikanwa nguva. zvino kwakange kune guta kana umambo dzimwe nguva yakafukidzwa nehondo rengano. Kunyange nyanzvi vanochera matongo uye vanyori vane zvakakwana shoma Data chokuita nguva, tisingatauri avhareji mugari. Unoziva kana kuumbwa umambo weBhabhironi?

Bhabhironi - guta yebhaibheri zvikuru, zvinonzi kugara kutaurwa anenge ose inozvikudza nevafungi, masayendisiti uye vatungamiriri vemauto makore iwayo, asi nhoroondo iyi inoshamisa Monument mararamiro ekare rinotiudza zvishoma zvikuru. Kuti kubvisa chifukidzo pachivande pamusoro nyaya iyi, tine vakagadzirira ino. Verenga uye dzidza!

Background pamusoro

In XIX-XX emakore BC vakadonha Sumerian-weAkkadian umambo, yaiva pamusoro munharaunda Mesopotamia. Somugumisiro yakawondomoka vakaumba dzimwe dzakawanda inoti zviduku.

Lars City kuchamhembe pakarepo akazviti yakazvimirira. On Yufratesi akaumba umambo Mari, Ashur akasimuka pamusoro Tigirisi, ari pamupata Diyala akazviratidza Eshnunna mamiriro. Panguva iyoyo yakatanga kuwedzera weguta reBhabhironi, ane zita ringashandurwa kuGedhi waMwari. Ipapo akakwira choumambo Amoritskaya (pakutanga Babylonian) imba. Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti vamiririri vayo vakatonga munguva kubvira 1894 kusvika makore 1595 BC. Zvachose hapana mashoko zvakarurama, asi ayo muvambi ichaongororwa kuva mambo Sumuabuma. Ndipo apo vakaumba umambo weBhabhironi. Zvechokwadi, mumazuva iwayo asati zvizere maruva uye simba akanga achiri kure.

zvakwakanakira

Bhabhironi zvakanaka zvakawanda nevavakidzani vayo, nzvimbo yaro zviri zvakafanana unonyatsokodzera kudzivirira uye nokuda kuwedzera munharaunda dzairwisana ushe. Raiva panzvimbo mi- Tiger akabatanidzwa Yufratesi. Rizere mvura, iyo yaishandiswa kudiridzwa mugadziriro, pakarepo akabvuma kukosha kutengeswa tsinga nguva.

Ichatonga zvine mbiri guta chokuita nezita rakakurumbira Hammurabi (1792-1750 gg. BC. E.), Uyo akanga asiri chete unyanzvi maneja, asiwo musayendisiti, muongorori wenyeredzi, rwevanhu uye sophist. Chokutanga, akagumisa rechiuto kubatana Larsen kuva akasununguka ruoko wokurwisa kumaodzanyemba kweguta. Nokukurumidza Hammurabi anopedzisa chibvumirano chibvumirano Marie, apo panguva iyoyo mitemo ushamwari nayo zvirire mambo Zimrilim. Tichibatsirwa mutongi weBhabhironi akakunda zvachose uye yakakunda Eshnunna. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, umambo hweBhabhironi rakaumbwa munguva kubva XX kuti XIX remakore BC, ipapo nokukurumidza akatanga uremu mune zvematongerwo niche panguva.

Pashure paizvozvo Marie haana kudiwa Hammurabi akatyora sungano chibvumirano uye vakarwisa zvarinoroora ari shamwari nezuro. Pakutanga akakwanisa nokukurumidza kukurira guta, uye kunyange Zimlirim akagara pachigaro chake choushe. Asi zvino kuti handina kufanana ari the pawn, saka akamukira. MuBhabhironi, mhinduro hakusi chete kuzodzosera vakakunda guta, asi rakaparadzwa pasi masvingo uye mumuzinda mutongi. Mune North, panguva akaramba simba kamwe Asiria, asi vabati pakarepo akateterera magavhuna veBhabhironi.

Ndipo apo reBhabhironi umambo rakaumbwa muna ano pfungwa shoko. Chaiva chikuru uye simba, vatongi vayo privechali masayendisiti, mainjiniya uye ezvivako, vazivi uye n'anga.

Hammurabi

Asi mambo umambo weBhabhironi Hammurabi zvikurukuru anozivikanwa kwete kukunda dzavo, uye muviri kwemitemo kuti rakapa pachake:

• In Kana apo muvaki akavaka imba, akariita zvakaipa, uye chivako yakadhirika, achiuraya muridzi wayo, muvaki anofanira kuurayiwa.
• Doctor, akaita kundikana ichishanda, kunyimwa rworudyi.
• A akasununguka murume, kuti vavande mumba yake muranda, vachaparadzwa akaurayiwa.

Mitemo iyi Umambo hweBhabhironi vakanga yakavezwa pambiru makuru basalt dzaiva kumativi ose oumambo weBhabhironi.

Chii chaiva kuwedzera weBhabhironi?

Panguva mutongi uyu munzvimbo idzodzo kukurumidza akatanga kuva kurima. Great kufambira mberi masayendisiti Bhabhironi wakaita kudiridza minda murenje: ". River raHammurabi" mumwe migero kwave zvikuru kuti noruremekedzo kunzi

No sekwaserera kumhanya kuenda inotungamirwa mombe. In hurumende mune dzakawanda navapfuri vesimbi. Zvinonzi kuwedzera uye kuwedzera mudzimba uye dzakawanda dzaishandiswa. Kunyanya, panguva iri nyika ino yava rakakura muzinda aina zvinodhura matehwe, mafuta uye misi. On the epamba pamusika chete rwizi hoyerera nesimbi, Ceramics uye varanda. Muchidimbu, reBhabhironi umambo raibudirira pasi Hammurabi.

evanhu zvinhu

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti paiva matatu munyika mumagariro mhando. Chekutanga, vewakasununguka vanhu. rukoko urwu ainzi "Avelumi", iro rinoreva "murume". Vana asunungure kusvika zera rwevanhu rinonzi "March Abheri" - "murume mwana". To munzanga ichi aigona kuva Artisan, murwi, mushambadzi uye hurumende wezvokukurukurirana. Muchidimbu, vamwe vanhu vakaderera rusaruro havana mitemo umambo weBhabhironi vaiva kuti nguke chero.

Paiva neimwe kirasi nemataundi vanhu (kwete varanda!), Yainzi "mushkenum" - "akasendamira pasi". Ndiyo "vashandi". Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, tinofanira vaiva vanhu vaishanda pamusoro youmambo nyika. Regai kunyonganisa pamwechete varanda vakanga "akazendamira" zvaiva zvinhu kodzero dzavo kudzivirira mudare, vaiva varanda vavo.

Pakupedzisira, yakadereresa stratum munzanga, pasina izvo umambo weBhabhironi vaisagona kuita - varanda vardum. Izvi zvinogona yakasvika nenzira dzinotevera:

• Kana munhu aiva musungwa hondo.
• Ngava vakanga vasingagoni kubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo.
• Vava varanda pamusoro nechivimbo (nokuti vamwe mhosva dzakakomba).

Chichiitwa wevaranda nevaBhabhironi aiva kuti vave vamwe pfuma. Kana muridzi muranda akanga vana varanda vavo, ivo (pamwe mvumo wababa) aigona zvakanaka kuva mugari wenhaka yake yebasa kupa pachena mamiriro wacho. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mukusiyana kune chete India yekare, varanda muBhabhironi aigona tariro zvakakomba nani zvavo munzanga. A chikwereti uyo wazadzisa basa anova zvakare vakasununguka. Dzinokosha musungwa yehondo aigona kutenga rusununguko rwake. Zvakatoipa kwaiva nematsotsi, kusara shoma, vave varanda upenyu.

State mamiriro

Mambo, akanga musoro wehurumende, aiva "Mwari" simba Mhedziso. Iye pachake anazvo anenge 30-50% munyika yose munyika. Mambo aigona kutarisira zvavo kushandisa, uye vaigona ikabvaruka. Munguva kuurayiwa yamambo mutemo uye mutemo kunofanira dare ramambo.

Nokuti mitero sangano akapindura taxable. Vari mhosva nesirivha, uyewo zvakasikwa zvigadzirwa - zvakadai zviyo. Braley Mitero mombe, ndege zvigadzirwa. Kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti kwokuteerera kwakakwana simba roumambo, mamiriro akashandisa vamapoka inorema uye chiedza varwi, uye redum bairum. Kubvira kuumbwa yaiva umambo hweBhabhironi, guta weBhabhironi nguva dzose kukwezvwa masoja nemazvo: vari nyasha, vakapiwa kukudzwa uye kuremekedzwa. Hazvishamisi kuti kunyange munguva kuderera weuto mamiriro wacho akakwanisa kubata munyika refu kuwa.

Kuti basa murwi akanaka ndaigona kuwana nyore imba ine bindu, rebei munda uye zvipfuwo. Kuripa nokuti chete kushanda basa. Bhabhironi dambudziko kubva pakutanga akava hofori muboka revatungamiriri, ane vamiririri kuongororwa aurayiwe mirairo mambo mumunda. Machinda changamire shakkanakku aifanira kuronga chinobudirira kusakarongeka Tsarist Kutarisirwa uye yeko. Ekupedzisira zvinosanganisira munharaunda makanzuru namapuranga vakuru, rabianumy.

Chitendero yaitarisira mumwechete: pasinei kuvapo vanamwari vakasiyana-kadikidiki, paiva mwari mumwe mukuru - Marduk, uyo aionekwa soMusiki zvose, zvakanga basa zvichaitirwa vanhu, mhuka uye zvinomera, nokuti zvose umambo weBhabhironi.

chokutanga donhwe

Panguva yaitonga mwanakomana Hammurabi, Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 gg. BC. E.), We akatotanga kuwedzera zvinoshamisa dzomunyika kupokana. Kubva rwezasi, hurumende yakatanga kurambidza navaEramu, uyo akakunda guta sevaSumer, mumwe pashure pomumwe. Yixing City akazivisa rusununguko uye mambo Ilumailu akazova muvambi imba itsva. Muna Northwest kunewo itsva mamiriro - kubva Mitanni.

Yaiva rinorema ichivhuvhuta, kubva Bhabhironi akagurwa akabviswa rinokosha dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana kuti zvakakonzera Asia Minor uye neMediterranean Coast. Wakazova dzose madzinza kuzopindazve ngwizhingwi Kassites. Kazhinji, rose nyaya youmambo yeBhabhironi chinoratidza kuti kusimba ezvinhu pakarepo anotendeuka vavakidzani nezvavakatapa kusimba uye zvakawanda murombo.

Point muna 1595 BC. e. Tinoisa vaHiti, uyo akakunda hondo uye akakunda Bhabhironi. Saka akagumisa Old hweBhabhironi, urwo rwakatora makore mazana matatu. chigaro First akarega kuvapo. Yakatanga "Kassite mharidzo" paumbwe weBhabhironi umambo.

Kassite chigaro

Kassits pachavo kubva vazhinji chikomo madzinza avo yakawedzera pakarepo pashure pokufa Hammurabi. Around 1742 BC. e. mutungamiri wavo Gandash nechisimba munharaunda youmambo uye pakarepo akazviti "mambo mana epanyika." Asi chaizvoizvo, muchamanikidza umambo hwose kubva kassits zvakaitika chete pashure anobudirira pamushandirapamwe avaHiti. Vakabva vakauya chaizvo dzidziso uto weBhabhironi, vakatanga nokushingaira kushandisa vamabhiza. Asi vamwe kuora mune zvokurima. Vakundi kugamuchirwa akapfuma uye rekare tsika dzevaBhabhironi.

Uyezve, mambo akakwanisa kudzoka Agum chifananidzo chamwari Marduk uye vanamwarikadzi sarpanit vakanga akabatwa navaHiti wechipiri. Kassits kuratidzwa pachavo vatongi wakanaka, umo achishingaira kuvakwa uye akadzorerwa temberi, Fast aifamba tsika uye nesayenzi. Vakakurumidza vakanga wakafananidzwa nevaBhabhironi zvachose.

Zvisinei, vezvematongerwo enyika uye varwi vakanga kunyanya kunaka. Umambo rekare Bhabhironi nokukurumidza inova novimba kuIjipiti, uye pasina nguva - uye mamiriro Mitanni pamwe muHiti umambo. Nokukurumidza kutanga Asiria, ane mauto vanotova XIII remakore BC Kassite Bhabhironi kukonzera zvinoverengeka anorwadza vakakurirwa. Muna 1155 imba youmambo vakundi uyewo havasisipo, dzarasika nevaAsiria.

Zvokungoitawo nguva, ushe kwaNebhukadhinezari First

VaAsiriya, uyo akaramba akatarisa wokwake vapera basa, haana kukundikana kutora mukana ayo kuwedzera simba. We akavabatsira, uye kuchiva navaEramu aigara vakatanga kupinda munharaunda weBhabhironi. Atova pakati XII remakore BC, vakakwanisa kurega zvachose nemishonga yavo, uye yokupedzisira mambo Kassites, Enlil-nadin-ahi, akatendeuka akabuda kuti Ugare. NavaEramu panguva iyoyo akaramba kuita mishandirapamwe hondo mune dzimwe nzvimbo munyika.

Aimbova kwechinguva yakazvimirira guta Yixing munguva iyoyo akakwanisa kuponesa simba, uye saka akatora Baton mukurwisa guta rapindwa nechisimba muvengi. Yepamusoro simba rake rakanga yaitonga Mambo Nebhukadhinezari I (1126-1105 gg. BC. E.) Ndiani kamwe zvakare kwakatungamirira pavapenyu simba (pfupi-rokuti). Pedyo nhare the mauto ake ndokukuvadza rinorema kukundwa navaErami, uye ipapo yakarwisa Eramu, nhapwa naye.

Kurwisa vaAramu

Around pakati XI remakore BC Aramaic madzinza anongofamba vava bane vaBhabhironi uye vaAsiria. In ngozi iyi kakawanda zvinovava vorongerwa vakabatana, pova simba kubatana zvechiuto. Pasinei neizvi, enterprising vaSiria pashure matatu emakore vakabudirira zvakasimba kuti agadzirise kuchamhembe-dzokumadokero komuganhu umambo weBhabhironi.

Zvisinei, havasi vose mhuri vakauya nematambudziko akawanda. Panenge panguva iyoyo muupenyu ehurumende akatanga kuita basa rinokosha wevaKadheya vanhu. In emakore avo vakagara pamhenderekedzo kwePersian Gulf, panzvimbo dzapasi kunosvika rwaYufratesi uye Tigirisi. Nechekare muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe vakanga zvakasimba dzatora kumaodzanyemba umambo weBhabhironi uye akatanga kutamira kumaodzanyemba, zvishoma nezvishoma vanonzwisisa kuvaBhabhironi. Kufanana Kassites munguva ichangobva kare vaida kuita nokupfuwa uye kundovhima. Agriculture rine basa duku zvikuru muupenyu hwavo.

Mumakore iwayo, nyika yakakamurwa kupinda mumatunhu 14. Sezvo XII remakore BC Bhabhironi zvakare rakava guta guru. Sapakutanga, mambo akanga ari mumaoko ake huru panyika Holdings, iyo kuzoripira varwi basa ravo. Muhondo, kuwedzera kune zvetsika inifanduri, akatanga kuridza hombe basa aifamba nemabhiza uye ngoro dhipatimendi, izvo panguva iyoyo zvakanga chaizvo vanobudirira muhondo. Asi miganhu umambo weBhabhironi akanga Wakatotanga kurwisa vavengi okuberekwa ...

kweAsiria

Sezvo kuguma IX remakore yake kunenge akatora vaAsiria, vari kuramba vachipindira munyika. Asiriya neunhu yacho ine simba uye simba mamiriro. Pakati VII remakore BC mambo wavo Tigiratipireseri rechitatu inopinda kumiganhu Bhabhironi kuchamhembe, zvichiita kuti vaBhabhironi zvakakomba zvinokuvadza. Muna 729, umambo yave zvakare rakava richatorwa zvachose.

Zvisinei, vaAsiriya (zvinopesana wont wake) akaramba ari oga weBhabhironi hweHIV. Asi munguva Sagoni II, ivo kwenguva yakati akatadza kudzora richangobva vakakunda nyika. Izvi imhaka yokuti chevaux muKaradhea Marduk-apla-iddin akazviti oga mambo nyika, anokunda guta guru rayo. Iye wakaita pamwe navaErami, vavengi vavo achangopfuura. Pakutanga nevatsigiri vakabudirira, asi nokukurumidza Sagoni zvikuru akuvadzwa uye akatsamwa chakaitika, akatuma mauto ake yakanakisisa kudzvinyirira kupandukira, akabva korona muBhabhironi, pakupedzisira yabatanidza youmambo hwake hweHIV.

Mumakore kudzikama 700-703 Marduk-apla-iddin mangwanani akaedza zvakare kuenda Asiria, asi nguva ino yake pfungwa chinhu chakanaka kuti nyika haisi pamusoro. Muna 692 BC. E umambo kugumisa rechiuto kubatana muSiriya navaEramu. At Hondo Halule vaAsiriya nevaBhabhironi kutendera zvakafanana inorema nezvinhu, pachena kubudirira kwakanga kusina mumwe vemapato.

Asi makore maviri gare gare mambo weAsiria akapa Sinanhherib kukomba weBhabhironi. Kwapera gore, guta akawira uye vakatanga unotyisa vauraye. Vazhinji vanogara vakanga vaurayiwa, vamwe vava varanda. The guru kamwe kwazvo yakanga yaparadzwa zvachose uye nemafashamo. Panguva iyoyo umambo weBhabhironi akanga zvishoma mepu, hurumende yave havasisipo. Asi kwete kwenguva refu.

Kudzorerwa weBhabhironi

Nokukurumidza pachigaro choushe mutsivi Sinanhheriba, Esarihadhoni, izvo hazvina kunyanya akagamuchira "mwero" pamusoro nowakautangira. Mambo mutsva kwete chete kuti umutse vashatisa guta, asiwo akasunungura vagari varo vakawanda, uye akarayira kuti vadzokere kumusha.

Akava mambo Shamash-shum-ukin akatonga pamusoro Rights remutungamiriri. Asi muna 652, uye aizova simba pasi nokudenga, kubatana navaArabhu, vaSiria, navaEramu, uye ipapo zvakare ndizvo kurwa Asiria. Battle akatora zvakare panzvimbo nhare Der zvakare hunogutsa kukunda haana kugona kukunda mumwe. VaAsiria akaenda wemanomano: inoshandiswa pakutsigira nevapanduki d'pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba muna Al, vakauya simba yakabatana vaBhabhironi vanokundikana. Ipapo vakaisa akakomba kuBhabhironi muna 648 BCE kufanorongwa noutsinye hwokuuraya vose vagere mupenyu.

Kuwa weAsiria uye Bhabhironi New

Pasinei neizvi, chido kurasikirwa utsinye kudzvinyirirwa vaAsiria havana simba. Inenge 626 BC akaputsa mumwe kumukira, akamira panotangira muKaradhea Nabopolassar (Nabu-apla-usur). Iye zvakare akaita ukama Erami, apora pashure nokunyengera kwomukuru vaAsiria, pashure izvo batana mauto achiri vakakwanisa uuraye muvengi nevakawanda wandei kukuvara zvakakura. Muna October 626, yeBhabhironi Nabopolassar akaziva uzivewo, akabva korona muguta, dzakavamba imba itsva.

Asi kuti andobata wokutanga guta guru - Uruk - vapanduki vacho aiva nemakore chete 10 okuberekwa. Vakabva vakaedza andobata muAsiria Ashur, asi vakakoniwa kubudirira. Help vakabva kwete kumirira. Muna 614 Asiria kubatwa enyika akatanga vaMedhia, vaBhabhironi iyo nokukurumidza vakaumba sungano. Nechekare muna 612, ivo, vaMedhia vaSitiya akakomba Ninivhi, guta guru muvengi. Cheguta ndokuwa, uye vagari vayo vose vakaurayiwa. Sezvo yeBhabhironi umambo muganhu pamwe Hammurabi wechipiri richikura nokukurumidza.

Muna 609 BC, akanga akunda vakasara uto reAsiria. VaBhabhironi 605th iro akabatwa Siriya muPalestine, izvo iyoyo vakati muIjipiti. Panguva iyoyo pachigaro weBhabhironi, Nebhukadhinezari II. By 574 BC. E akakwanisa kubata Jerusarema uye Tire. Nguva kubudirira. Zvakange Ipapo vakaisa akakurumbira Hanging Gardens, imwe kusimba dzakasimukira nesayenzi, mapurani uye zvematongerwo enyika. Saka, umambo weBhabhironi 605 dzakaumbwa mugore rechipiri.

Zvisinei, kubudirira yaitonga riri pamusoro zvakanaka nokukurumidza. On miganhu ehurumende paiva nevamwe vavengi, nevaPezhiya. Kukwanisa kudzivisa pavanotaurirana navo 482 Bhabhironi pakupedzisira kuva mumwe satrapies Persian.

Zvino munoziva kana kuumbwa umambo weBhabhironi. Tinovimba kuti nyaya yakanga dzinonakidza.