Secret "Southern Society" Decembrists: gwaro mitemo, chinangwa uye vatori vechikamu

Nhoroondo XIX remakore Russia iri kusimba akapfuma zviitiko siyana. Zvisinei, Decembrists 'yemuna pana Seneti Square inoremekedzwa pakati pavo nzvimbo inokosha zvikuru. Pashure pezvose, kana chinangwa vose yapfuura ibudirire uye kundikana kuedza kubvuta simba munyika kwaiva kutsiva mumwe autocrat vamwe, ipapo nguva ino yaiva yekupindurwa magariro uye kuchinja kuti muitiro nokuti mamiriro Republican utongi. The initiators yaDecember yemuna vaiva nhengo "South" uye "North" epachivande, neKomisheni NM Masvosve, Trubetskoy uye PI Pestel.

prehistory

Nyaya Decembrists 'yemuna kazhinji netsika kutanga nheyo Aleksandrom Muravevym muSt Petersburg "Union Woruponeso" - repachivande, izvo akazivisa chinangwa chacho kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo uye kuita kukuru shanduko mune nzvimbo wehurumende zvakanaka. Sangano iri yakatora gore rimwe chete, uye akanga emauto akadzingwa mabasa nokuda kusiyana vechikamu maonero zvingangoita regicide. Zvisinei, zhinji nhengo dzayo mberi mabasa avo, zvino "Welfare Union". Kamwe revapanduki vakadzidza kuti zviremera kuda kusvitsa mu panhengo vapanduki nevasori vavo, pachinzvimbo akanga aumba "Northern" (mangwanani 1822) uye "South" (1821), epachivande. Wokutanga vakavhura zviri kuchamhembe guru, uye yechipiri - muKiev.

Southern vanhu

Pasinei wandei dzematunhu mamiriro sangano vamukira uchishanda Ukraine, nhengo dzayo dzakanga zvikuru okunyanyisa yakatarwa kupfuura "northerners". Izvi ainyanya nokuti chokuti "Southern Society" yaisanganisira zvachose varanda, vazhinji vacho vakanga ruzivo muhondo, uye nhengo dzayo vakatsvaka kushandura enyika nemamiriro nyika kubudikidza zvemauto akabvuta chigaro uye regicide. The kuchinja basa rake rakatanga muna 1823. Panguva iyoyo kwakaitika Kiev musangano kuti kushandisa mutemo gwaro "Southern Society" rakanyorwa Pavla Pestelya, inonzi "Russian Chokwadi". basa iri, pamwe gwaro remitemo Murav'ev vaivimba nenhengo "Northern Society", vakaita guru basa pakugadzirwa mberi maonero pakati Russian vakakwirira ari XIX remakore, izvo, sezvinei, zvakaita kuti abolition pakati serfdom.

mitemo chinyorwa

"Russian Chokwadi" Pestel chaipiwa kwavari pamusoro dare nhengo, "Southern Society" muna 1823. Zvisinei, akatanga kushanda nayo muna 1819. Total zvichinzi 5 zvitsauko panyika, kirasi uye dzenyika dzega. Pestel zvinganaka rename kuti Nizhniy Novgorod kuna Vladimir uye vakatamira guru reRussia itsva rakabatana ezvinhu ane Republican chehurumende. Uyewo, "Chokwadi Russian" akamutsa mubvunzo pamusoro pakarepo abolition pakati serfdom. The "Southern Society" Decembrists kwaisanganisirawo:

• kuenzana pamberi mutemo, ose mugari;
• kodzero dzokuvhota "Popular Assembly" nokuti vose varume pamusoro makore makumi maviri;
• rusununguko rwokutaura, chitendero, kirasi, gungano, kufamba uye mapepanhau;
• inviolability pamba uye munhu;
• kuenzana pamberi kururamisira.

zvinangwa

Sezvo kwave akati, "Southern Society" yakanga okunyanyisa kupfuura "North." Chinangwa charo chikuru chaiva:

• kubviswa autocracy, kusanganisira kuparadza nhengo dzose kutonga imba Romanov panyama;
• ari abolition pamusoro serfdom, asi pasina kupa nyika vanhuwo zvavo;
• okusuma remitemo;
• kuparadzwa kusarurana;
• pokugadzwa mumiririri hurumende.

P. Pestel: pfupi oupenyu gadzira

Saka akanga achidzora "Southern Society" uye zvakasikwa chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinyorwa chokuita urongwa Russia, pahwaro misimboti Kujekerwa? Kuti murume aiva Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich, uyo akaberekwa muna 1793 muMoscow, mumhuri German, apo vaizviti Lutheranism. Ndava nemakore 12, mukomana akatumirwa kuDresden, uko akadzidza pane rimwe namahwindo kuzvikoro. Uyezve dzidzo Pavel Pestel ari Corps pamusoro Pages, uye pamusoro Payakapera jaya kuzivikanwa ari Lithuanian hondo. Military basa ramangwana conspirator paiva zvinopfuura kubudirira. Zvikurukuru, Pestel akaratidza zvishamiso ushingi panguva Hondo Borodino uye mune dzimwe hondo Hondo Yenyika II muna 1812, kwave paakavapa dzakasiyana-siyana Russian uye sungano mibayiro.

Political basa Pavla Pestelya

Pashure kukunda Napoleon mu nharaunda wemapurisa Russian une masangano enyika, rinotarisira kuwedzera ezvinhu vanhuwo zvavo uye chengetedza kana kunyange kuparadza umambo. Mumwe waivava aiva muchiuto uye Pavel Pestel, uyo akazova nhengo "Union of Salvation", gare gare "Union Welfare," uye pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira muna 1821 "Southern repachivande." Huru miscalculation kuti akaita Pestel Pavel Ivanovich, zvakanga pfungwa dzake kuti, iri zvinoitirwawo mukukunda pamhirizhonga iyoyo nyika nokusingaperi ushe dikidiki Government. Pfungwa iyi aita hanya pakati nhengo "Northern Society", sezvo pakati vapanduki vazhinji vevaya vakaona nezviito zvake uye chido chokuva mutongi, uye Napoleonic vavariro. Ndokusaka "northerners" asina kukurumidza kubatanidza pamwe "Southerners", icho pakupedzisira kunoderedza hwadzo zvinogona. Kutonga magwaro, panguva 1824 Pestel, tichifunga pachake kunzwisiswa nenzira navo, vakaona zvikuru mwoyo uye kunyange kwenguva yakati akarasika kufarira mabasa "Southern Society".

"Southern Society": vechikamu

Kunze P. Pestel, nhengo repachivande, vakarongwa pakati vatariri vemauto dzakabatana akamira pamusoro munharaunda rweUkraine ano, vakanga vakawanda dhazeni inozivikanwa nemauto panguva. Zvikurukuru pakati vatungamiriri "Southerners" simba chaiyo vakanakidzwa S. Muraviev-APÓSTOL, M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Davydov uye gamba ari Patriotic Hondo 1812, gore S. Volkonsky. Nokuti kurapa sangano akasarudzwawo mutungamiriri, iyo, kunze Pestel uye Nikita Muraviev, akazopinda'wo parwendo mukuru AP Yushnevsky.

Zviito nezviremera kufumura mabasa epachivande

Munhoroondo yacho Decembrist kufamba, sezvinowanzoita pamwe zvimwe conspiratorial nzanga, paiva vatengesi uye provocateurs. Kunyanya, chinonyanya zvinouraya chikanganiso akaita Pestel, uyo akaita pakavanda "Southern Society" ake omurume - Captain Arkady Mayboroda. Last tisina dzidzo, sezvinoratidzwa vakawanda zvivakamutauro zvikanganiso kuti varipo vari zvokutsamwa zvakanyorwa pamusoro pavo Pestel, ndakanga kusatendeseka. In kuwa 1825 Mayboroda akaita tsvina guru remauto mari. Achityira migumisiro, akaudza vakuru pamusoro kuswedera kupandukira. Kunyange yapfuura nokutuka revapanduki rakaitwa isiri basa mukuru Sherwood, izvo kunyange akadana Alexander Wokutanga kupupura uye akatuma kunzvimbo kushumira Third chemazana chehondo Bug, saka kuti aigona kuramba kuti vataure zvinangwa nevavariro vapanduki.

Kugadzirira nokuda kwebope

Mumatsutso 1825, pamusangano pamwe General S. Volkonsky, Pestel vaizivikanwa huru "Southern Society" mumwedzi kuuya, chinonyanya kukosha raiva gadziriro yemuna, yakarongwa January 1, 1826. Chokwadi ndechokuti nhasi avatungamirira kuti Vyatka hondo aifanira nemabasa vavarindi padzimbahwe racho 2nd Army muna Tulchin. Unoranganawo yakagadzirwa nzira kumanikidzwa kufora kuna St. Petersburg, kugoverwa zvinokosha zvokudya. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti vaizopiwa akasunga mukuru uye mukuru mudonzvo weuto uye akatamira St. Petersburg, apo vari anotsigirwa neuto zviumbu vanotungamirirwa vakuru Member States "Northern Society".

Migumisiro kumukira Decembrists kuti nhengo "Southern Society"

vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti Pestel Pavel Ivanovich vakasungwa kunyange pamberi zviitiko weSeneti Square, uye zvakawanda kunyanya, December 13, 1825, somugumisiro paanotsamwa Mayboroda. Rakanga gare gare wakavharirwa uye mumaoko kudare 37 nhengo "Society of South", uyewo 61 nhengo "Northern Society" uye 26 vanhu chokuita "Society of South Slavs". Vazhinji vavo vakatongerwa akasiyana siyana rufu asi zvino akaregererwa, kunze shanu: Pestel, Ryleeva, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovka uye Muraviev-APÓSTOL.

The mukumukira of Chernigov chemazana chehondo

Abereka aiziva zviitiko pa weSeneti Square, uye vazhinji venyika "Southern Society" vakasungwa, vasara vakasununguka vamwe vavo akasarudza kudzorera. Zvikurukuru, musi waDecember 29, vatariri Chernigov chemazana chehondo Kuzmin, Sukhinov, Soloviev uye Schepillo vakarwisa dzavo regimental vehondo uye akasunungura Muraviev-APÓSTOL, uyo akanga Akapfigira mumusha Trilesy. Zuva rakatevera, vapanduki akabata taundi cornflowers uye Motovilovka, izvo akazivisa "Orthodox Catechism", izvo, kubudikidza uchiteterera manzwire varwi vechitendero akaedza kutsanangura kwavari kuti mhosva hweutsvene Imperial simba - ingano, uye vanhu Russian vanofanira kuteerera chete kuda kwaIshe, uye kwete autocrat.

Mazuva mashoma gare gare, musha akabata Ustymivka kurwisana pakati vapanduki uye hurumende nemauto. Uyezve, S. Muraviev-Muapostora akarambidza masoja pamoto, achitarisira kuti ndizvo zvichaitawo vatungamiri avo vanozviwana mhiri. Somugumisiro wazvakaitika akakuvadzwa, munin'ina wake vakazviuraya, uye 6 nemapurisa uye mauto 895 vakasungwa. Nokudaro, "Southern Society" akarega kuvapo, uye nhengo dzayo dzakanga kana kuparadzwa mumuviri kana demoted uye kuSiberia kana kuhondo, achiita kurwisana kuCaucasus.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti kumukira Decembrists vakanga hachizobudiriri, izvozvo akaratidza ramadzimambo Russian ari kudiwa zvinhu, izvo, zvisinei, kana zvakaitwa Nicholas II havana inoitwa. Panguva iyoyowo, chirongwa "Southern Society" uye "The Constitution" Muravyov zvakasimbisa pokumuka urongwa Russian kuchinja masangano echimurenga, izvo, pfungwa, uye zvakaita kuti 1917 chimurenga.