Necenicecific immunity: tsanangudzo, nzira, zvinhu uye zvinhu

Kusununguka kwemajeri chinhu chakaoma chekuchengetedza chinoita kuti muviri uve nekwanisi yekudzivisa simba rakaipa revanoshanda kunze. Iyo yekupedzisira, somuenzaniso, inosanganisira mabhakitiriya, chepfu, mavairasi, miviri yekunze. MuSayenzi, kune marudzi maviri ehutachiona: chaiyo uye zvisingaoneki. Iyo yekupedzisira ichakurukurwa munyaya yacho.

General Characteristics

направлен против любого антигена. Nechirwere chepachiviriki chinotungamirirwa kune chero antigen. Mhuka, iyo inopinda mune imwe nyika, inoita mhinduro yakakwana. Mhinduro yacho inogona kunge iri pamusorosoro kana masero. Muchiitiko chekutanga, mhinduro yacho inoumbwa nekugadzirwa kwemakemikari. обеспечивает захват инородных веществ и цитотоксический эффект. Nonspecific cellular immunity inopa kutorwa kwezvinhu zvekunze uye neytotoxic effect.

Elements

) представлены в виде анатомических барьеров, секреторных молекул и прочих компонентов. Zvinhu zvinodzivirirwa zvisingabatsiri (zvinodzivirirwa ) zvinowanikwa nenzira yezvinyorwa zvinokonzerwa nematokisi, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye zvimwe zvikamu. Yokutanga inosanganisira epithelial mucous, zvivara, ganda, kuchinja kwe-bronchopulmonary cilia uye mukati mekudzivirira. считается врожденным. Nonspecific rudzi rwekudzivirirwa kwezvirwere is congenital.

Mechanical structures

формируют различные барьеры для инородных агентов. Zvisizvo zvikonzero zve nonspecific sekuchengetedzwa kwemasero zvinogadzirisa zvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana-siyana kune dzimwe nyika. Seimwe yezvipingamupinyi zvinobudirira ndezvezvipfeko zveputi. Izvi zvipingamupinyi hazvigoneki kushandiswa kune vazhinji vashandi. Chigumbuso chekutanga chikanda. Kuchengetedza (kufungidzira) kwe epithelium kunobatsira kubvisa mabhakitiriya nemimwe miviri inotapukira. Peristalsis yemukumbo, kufamba kwe cilia kunochengetedza kusunungurwa kwemhepo yekufema uye mapuropa emimba kubva kuma microorganisms. Saliva nemisodzi, kushambidza muromo nemaziso, zvinobatsira pakudzivirira zvirwere. Kudzivirirwa kunowanikwawo ne mucosa yemapfupa ekufuridzira uye chirwere chepamuviri.

Makemikari makwenzi

Nechirwere chekuzvidzivirira chinopiwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Chinokosha munyaya iyi ndeye makemikari akaumbwa akaumbwa apo anopinda maitiro. Saka, kukura kwebhakitiriya kunononoka pasi pesimba remafuta acid sweat. Iko phospholipase uye lysozyme inowanikwa mumvura, misodzi nemateve zvinokonzera kukanganisa pamakumbo emakiromita epathogenic. Kukura kwebhakitiriya kunononoka uye pakaderera pH yegastric secretion uye sweat. Basa rezvemishonga inorwisa mishonga rinowanikwa nechepasi-masero-protini (defensins) aripo mumatomu emimba uye mapapu. Kazhinji ganda reganda uye chirwere chepamuviri chinogona kudzivirira kukonzera kwezvinyorwa zvepathogenic kuburikidza nekubudisa makemikari anokonzera kana kukwikwidzana nemaabhakitiriya nekubatanidza kumusoro kana kunhu.

Necenicecific immunity: humoral level

Zvechokwadi, zvinopesana nehutachiona hunobudirira chaizvo zvinodzivirira kukonzera kwepanyika nemaine pathogenic agents. Zvisinei, kana vakanganisa, zvipingamupinyi zvinoputsika. Izvi zvinobvumira mishonga inokuvadza kupinda mumuviri. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kusagadzikana kusina kuitika kunoshandiswa pamusangano we humoral. Zvigadzirwa zvaro zviripo mu seramu kana kuunganidza munzvimbo yeutachiona hwekugara.

Zvirongwa

Apo inopinda muviri wepathogenic agents, nzira dzokudzivirira dzinoshandiswa . Chimwe chazvo chinowedzera purogiramu. Kushanda kwaro kunosangana nekugadziriswa kwepa phagocytes, lysosomes, kuwedzerwa kwezvisikwa zvevascular. Imwe nzira inogadzirisa maitiro. Inoshandiswa zvichienderana nekuoma kwekuvhiringidza kwenyama. Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvegadziriro zvinopa mhinduro dzisingabatsiri pakudzivirira kuburikidza nekuwedzera kukwana kwemidziyo. Vanoita se chemoattractants - zvinhu izvo, kana zvichisungirirwa kune vamiririri, zvinokanganisa kufamba kwavo. Mukuwedzera, zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvine antimicrobial effect. Somuenzaniso, inosanganisira beta-lysine. Iyi proteine inobudiswa nemaplatelet panguva yekuvhara. Iyo inokonzera mabhakitiriya mazhinji e gram-positive. Transferrin uye lactoferrin inosunga iron yakakosha yemakiromita, ichidzivirira kukura kwayo. Interferons ine kukwanisa kuderedza kudzokorora kwemavirusi. Lysozyme inoita zvinoparadza pamakumbo emabhakitiriya.

Mitsara ye nonspecific immunity

Chikamu chezvinoitika kune utachiona ndechokugadzirisa mapurogiramu yemafuta eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages. Vanoenda kunzvimbo yebhakitiriya kunharaunda. Aya masero anotorwa semuenzaniso mukuru wekuchengetedzwa kwezvisingabatsiri. Neutrophils - polymorphonuclear leukocyte inotumirwa kunzvimbo yeutachiona uye inotora mabhakitiriya. Kusvibirwa kwemasero kunogona kuvakuparadza intracellularly kana kuti kuvamutsira mumasungo anonzi extracellular. Mukuwedzera, neutrophils inobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwemashutu mushure mekubviswa kwehutachiona.

Macrophages

Zvinhu izvi zvinokwanisawo kuisa phagocyte (capture) pathogenic zvinhu uye kuvaparadza. Kusvibiswa kwemajeri kunoitwa pazinga re intracellular. Macrophage ine zvimwe zvinhu zvisinganzwisisiki. Somuenzaniso, vane simba re extracellular (extracellular) kuzviparadza. Mukuwedzera, zvinhu zviripo zvinoshandiswa mukugadzirisa mhuka.

Akafambiswa

Mukuwedzera kune masero ari pamusoro apa musingaoneki maitiro ezvirwere zvekuzvidzivirira pasi, kune vakasikwa uye vaine lymphokine-vakaurayiwa. Izvi zvikamu zvinogona kuparadza zviremara zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona. Vanouraya havaonekwi sechikamu chekuvhiringidza kupindura. Zvisinei, musinei nehutachiona husina simba vanoita basa rinokosha. Uyewo mumutambo kune eosinophils. Mapuroteni emafuro awo anobudirira kupikisa zvipembenene zvakawanda.

Kupisa

Chinangwa chikuru chekuita uku ndiko kupatsanurwa kwezvipembenene zvepathogenic uye chepfu dzadzo dzakapinda mumasumbu, uyezve kuparadzwa kwavo. Zvekukosha zvakanyanya mukuputira inzira ndeye histamine, serotonin nezvimwe zvipenyu zvinoshanda. Vanobatsira kuwedzera kuperevedzwa kwemapilisiri, zvichipa kukura kweEdema. Muchikamu chemvura chinenge chiri panzvimbo yekuunganidza mabhizimusi, pane neutrophils, macrophages, antibodies, zvinowedzera. Vanopa neutralization yebhakitiriya uye chepfu yavo. Phagocytes inonyanya kuisa pfungwa pakuvhiringidza. Vanoumba rudzi rwefence, kudzivirira kupararira kwehutachiona. Pano, zvakare, fibrinogen inotanga kuunganidzwa. Kutendeukira kune fibrin, kunopa kupera kwemuviri mutezo uye yeropa. Somugumisiro, dambudziko rakasikwa kuparadzira utachiona pamusoro pavo. Mukutarisa kwekuvhiringidza, ropa rinenge risina simba. Pamusana peizvi, michina ye-acidic yemagetsi inotanga kuwedzera uye pH inoderera. Izvi zvinokuvadza zvinokonzera kukura nekuberekwa kwezvipembenene.