Shoma utility

Marginal utility ndiyo nhamba mamwe utility, riri kuwedzera kudyiwa nomumwe vaivapo zvakanaka chikwata. The chaizvo kusabatsira utility, pasinei kwayo tiivistelmä hunhu, yagara kushandiswa zvoupfumi dzidziso, kuti tizive ukuru mafaro, kugutsikana, kana zvinobatsira kuti vanhu zvinobva kudyiwa vamwe zvinhu.

Marginal utility pfungwa yakabuda munzvimbo yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19 serimwe rinogona kutsiva pfungwa iri basa dzidziso ukoshi. Rakanga yakataurwa vamiririri yeAustria School: E. Böhm-Bawerk, Menger, Schumpeter, FF Wieser uye A. Marshall, U. S. Dzhevons uye L. Walras.

Chaizvoizvo Its iri pakuti huru chinhu kukanganisa kukosha chigadzirwa chayo shoma utility, izvo zvinoenderana zvinozoita pamusoro kuzviitira kunyatsoongorora munhu zvavanoda. Kuti zvijeke, funga nezvomuenzaniso unotevera. Ngatitii mumwe shoroma akanga ari Sahara murenje uye ari tembiricha anenge 40 ° nyota chaizvo. Muhomwe mudhebhe wake tsama mangoda. Uye ipapo munhu Bedouin kubva wineskin remvura uye inopa kuti kutengeserana mangoda pamusoro mvura. Kuti uyu kana munhu achava kukosha? Zviri pachena kuti mvura sezvo handicho mukana kufa pasina izvozvo.

Tora mumwe muenzaniso. Fungidzira kuti uri kupisa July zuva, iwe yaivamo kiosk pamwe aizikirimu, uye ukasarudza kutenga chimwe pasuru. Zvadaro, vakadya mugove wokutanga, takatenga wechipiri, nekuti kunyange aizikirimu muchida, kunyange sezvo zvakasimba. Mushure pasuru wechipiri chava kutanga kufunga, kutenga wechitatu kana kwete. Uye kana munhu anoda kudya rechina kana rechishanu, iwe kashoma kuti kubvumirana. muenzaniso uyu rinotsanangura mutemo kupera utility, iyo inoti sezvo saturation kuti munhu anoda inoshanda zvinhu kuti kusviba.

Vatsigiri dzidziso shoma utility vanodavira kuti kudyiwa upi chigadzirwa kana basa anoita kuti murume "incremental" zvisikwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutengi kazhinji asingaiti kutevera nheyo "zvose kana pasina", uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera uwandu consumable zvinhu kana mabasa, chero bedzi kwete kuti kugutsa kuda kwavo.

Saka, achiziva munhu shoma utility zvokuti, tinogona vafunga zvikuru zvitatu:

1. Nokuti mumwe mamwe nevatengi chigadzirwa anotakura wokuwedzera utility, unonzi "shoma."
2. The zvakawanda zvinhu Mutengi aigona zvinodya, kashoma anobatsira kuti mumwe nomumwe Zvakazoitwa chairema chigadzirwa. Saka, tinogona zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti shoma utility iri kudzikira hunhu. Uye pakati kukosha zvinhu uye zviratidzo zvinoendesa kune utility ane Ivan Kuchin ukama. Chaizvoizvo Its ndechokuti diki nhamba yemabhuku kwenhumbi (zvinhu) munhu, zvikuru chinokosha kwaari chigadzirwa ichi. Zvakaratidza kuti kukosha kwayo vagara vandifungira ukuru utility, unova rokupedzisira chairema zvakanaka kuti anogona kugutsa mudukusa kudiwa.
3. Kana unoparadza mumwe nhamba vezvikwata ane chigadzirwa (somuenzaniso, aizikirimu), munhu anogamuchira uwandu utilities, kudzikira neimwe nguva. In upfumi pfungwa anonzi mureza chairema shoma utility "Jutila." Kana kudyiwa aizikirimu achatanga munhu richibatsira 7 Jutila, wechipiri - 6, wechitatu - 5, uye wechina - 4 Jutila, mari zvigadzirwa izvi zvaizova akaenzana 22 Jutila (a shoma utility ndiyo 4 Jutila). Kukundikana mumwe dzose batch mangé aizikirimu achava zvinoderedza nhamba (zvinonyatsorehwa) utility uye mawa zvibereko shoma utility chokupedzisira kavha. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu akaramba migove wechina, ipapo zvachose utility (TU) akaenzana 18 zviyero, uye zviratidzo zvinoendesa kune utility (MU) ichava 5, kukundikana TU mugove rechitatu uchava 13 zviyero, uye MU kuwedzera kusvika 6, uye t. D .