Carl Menger: Biography, zvinyorwa

Carl Menger, vane Biography ichakurukurwa gare gare munyaya, akaberekwa muna 1840, musi 23 February. Anozivikanwa sechinhu chinoshamisa Economist uye muvambi yeAustria School. Panguva Third Reich, yakanga chaizvo vaidavira kuti zvose nhengo dzayo, kusanganisira muvambi, vaiva vaJudha.

Carl Menger: pfupi Biography

Akazvarwa nezvoupfumi ramangwana mutaundi duku Galicia. It vaiva panguva iyoyo kusvikira yeAustria Empire. baba Menger akanga ari gweta, uye mai vake aiva mwanasikana dzomutengesi pakutanga kubva muBohemia. All mumhuri aiva nevanakomana vatatu. Max (Senior) hwava vanobatanidzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika, uye Anton - kutevera tsoka baba vake. pauduku hwake Carl Menger yapera Western Galicia, muruwa. Munharaunda iyi yaivako panguva feudal pabonde. Mune mumayunivhesiti ose Vienna uye Prague Menger akadzidza mutemo. Muna 1867 ndipo iye ainakidzwa sayenzi dzezvoupfumi. In Krakow, muna Yangellonskom University, akatsigira chinyorwa chake. Muna 1871 rimwe bhuku rakabudiswa nekuvongwa izvo pakuzivikanwa Carl Menger. Biography Economist pamwe 1873 nechokuita nedzidziso. Mumakore 30 akatevera akanga purofesa paUniversity of Vienna. Kubva 1876 kusvika 1878 makore, Carl Menger aiva chipangamazano yeAustria mugari wenhaka pachigaro, Crown Prince Rudolf, uyo gare gare akazviuraya. Mugore 1879-mamita, akava mukuru weDhipatimendi Political Economy muVienna. Kwemakore Menger, kuwedzera ayo ezvoupfumi tsvakurudzo mabasa, muchirongwa kuchinja zvinhu pachena mari. Pashure pechinguvana akaenda Supreme Chamber of Parliament umambo. Kupfuura Frederick f. Wieser (ake mudzidzi) cheya, Menger akatanga basa rake zvesayenzi. Muna 1921 iye akafa, uye kwete apedza pakadhindwa rake rinonzi enyika zvoupfumi chikonzero chechipiri. Manyoro rakabudiswa mwanakomana wake (uyewo Carl). Menger Jr. anozivikanwa somunhu yemasvomhu. zita rake rinonzi theorem no.

Pfungwa ukoshi

Economist vakaramba pfungwa kushanda Resource mutengo. Carl Menger muchidimbu akaratidza pfungwa yake sezvinotevera:

"Kukosha ane kuzviitira hunhu. It haapo kunze wacho kuziva. Basa iri kupedzerwa kubatsira kugadzira, asingadi kuita kana seinokonzera kana sezvo zvinhu tsika."

Special nzeve akabhadhara kuna Smith gangaidzo. Chaizvoizvo Its iri mubvunzo: "Nei mutengo mangoda kwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura mvura, pasinei nokuti mvura zvikuru mangoda murume?" In chekare political upfumi, pagakava ichi rinotsanagurwa ndechokuti kukosha chigadzirwa, kana asina kufanana basa yakawandisa yayo firimu, izvozvo zvinoenderana zvakananga. Maererano Menger, hazvina basa, nedhaimani akawanikwa netsaona kana dzokubudisa yaro kunze nokushandiswa basa. Bol, mune tsika, hapana anofunga nezvenhoroondo kwakabva chero zvakanaka. Kukosha kunobva kuzviitira maonero vanhu vanonzwisisa vanganzi mashoma zvinhu kana mabasa - zvanzi Carl Menger. Dzidziso basa rinokosha, saka nemhaka mhedziso iyi chakarambwa nevamiririri chechikoro yeAustria. Zvisinei, nezvoupfumi rega kufunga chinokosha. Labor dzidziso vaiona zvinhu nevazhinji kugadzirwa uchishandisa chigadzirwa (kana mukana chikumbiro) uye otomatiki michina. Panyaya iyi, enyika upfumi Pricing ounyanzvi zvinhu, Antiques, prototypes uye rinoongorora isina, kana kwete kudzidza zvachose.

Good ukoshi vesting mamiriro

Carl Menger aidavira kuti kukosha asimo somunhu Chinangwa pfuma zvinhu. Zvinoratidza kutonga kwevanhu zvakanaka panyaya iyi, zvakafanana chigadzirwa anogona kuva netsika dzakasiyana vanhu zvakasiyana. Somunhu zvakafanira mugariro chokuwana tsika akaritumidza:

1. The kushanda imwe munhu.
2. Husiri nyore kuwana.

Nyaya ukoshi iri pakutsvaga utility wekupedzisira chairema chigadzirwa.

Dzidziso zvikomborero

Kuongorora ukama hwakagadzwa pakati zvinodiwa nevanhu uye mano zvidzidzo kuvagutsa, aiva kutanga pfungwa hupfumi pachisara iro rinoitwa Carl Menger. The musayendisiti basa inoratidza dzinoverengeka ezvinhu pasi iyo nyaya anotendeukira vabatsirwe:

1. Kuvapo zvinodiwa nevanhu.
2. Kuvapo imwe chinhu zvinogona maitiro iyo inogona kusangana nomunhu wacho.
3. ruzivo Human pamusoro ehupfumi ava chinhu.
4. Ive chinhu, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise kushandisa zvakakodzera unhu.

Sezvineiwo, sezvo aiti na Carl Menger - ndiwo chinhu chinogona kugutsa zvinodiwa nevanhu. Dzidziso iyi vanozviitira muzvitsauko zvokutanga zvitatu rake rinonzi enyika upfumi nhandare.

kupatsanura kwenhumbi

Carl Menger chinosiyanisa mhando dzakawanda:

1. The rakadzika chechetere. Zvikomborero zvakadaro zvinokosha kundosangana pakarepo zvinodiwa munhu.
2. The soro chechetere. zvinhu izvi zviri kushandiswa pakugadzira repasi kuti nhumbi.
3. Compliments - nopindirana zvinhu.
4. Substitutes - fungible zvinhu.
5. Mari - zvinhu, kudiwa usingabereki kusapfuudza mari inowanikwa panguva.
6. Non-zvoupfumi - zvakanaka, nhamba mukuru kudiwa.

Product dzidziso

Iye muchitsauko 7 basa iri nhandare enyika upfumi. It Carl Menger anoti pamusoro kusiyana zvoupfumi zvakanaka uye chinokosha. Uyezve, rine rondedzero huru zvechadenga chigadzirwa - muganhu uye ukuru kukwanisa kwayo ezvidzidzo, uyewo kurapwa vanokwanisa. Under miganhu anofanira kunzwisisa uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mutengi kudiwa. The mwero kugona kuzadzisa inokosha mishonga kuti havana yakazvimirira ukoshi, asi zvinodiwa sezvo zvinhu zvimwe zvinhu. Scientific chakanakira Menger aiva pakusuma kupinda muitiro pfungwa dzakadai zvitengeswa uye kudiwa mutengo.

mari pfungwa

Kwakavakirwa Pakusarudza kugona kuzadzisa zvinhu. Naizvozvo, dzidziso iyi Akaongorora Mises. Kudzidzisa pamusoro mari iri kutaurwa chitsauko 8. It aripo 4 zvikamu. Wokutanga rinotsanangura hunhu uye kwakabva mari. Menger anotaura zvichiitika nyaya iri nedanho kupanana zvibereko basa sezvo chikamu chinyakare vanhu. Anoti kuti mubereko kunotungamirira kuti vanhu vanopa zvigadzirwa zvavo panzvimbo imwe, kuva mukuru wedzerai vanokwanisa, pasinei ndechokuti havafaniri vari vaviri kundosangana pakarepo zvinodiwa nhau. Chikamu rinotsanangura mari yaishandiswa vanhu ose dzimwe nguva. Mukutanga mumatanho okukura pavakanga akaonekwa mhuka Old World. Cultural mberi uye inotungamirwa maguta kukonzera kuti rokutengesa kwakaderedza kugona mhuka munyika iyoyo kukura umo unomutswa kubva anobatsira simbi. Mhangura akazviratidza sezvo mashoko okutanga zvakadaro. Naizvozvo, zvakanga chikatsiviwa goridhe nesirivha.

Kunyanya kuonekwa pamari

Vanorondedzerwa mu pechechina rechi8 chitsauko. Normal Exchange zvigadzirwa pamusoro nembariro simbi kuti aratidze kuti ehupfumi nhumbi, zvemapapu kutengeswa kunosanganisira nematambudziko kuziva panowanikwa mharidzo. Sezvo zvakanakisisa rubatso yepamusoro uye renguva yakareba simbi coinage vakatanga kuita. Pfungwa vaingoerekana nechitarisiko mari aiva chinokosha kwakabatsira kukura maonero Mises, Hayek, uye vamwe vamiririri yeAustria School of Economics.