Dzidziso ukoshi: description, marudzi uye rinoshandiswa. Pfungwa yemuraudzo ukoshi: tsananguro

Classical Dzidziso ukoshi unotsaurirwa mumwe anokosha zvinhu zvoupfumi ukama. Pasina zvakaoma kufungidzira ano zvokutengeserana uye mari ukama pakati vagadziri siyana uye vatengi.

venguva dzidziso

The inozivikanwa dzidziso ukoshi rinonziwo basa dzidziso ukoshi. Its muvambi ndiye akakurumbira wokuScotland aiongorora Adam Smith. Akasika Chirungu pachikoro dzenhoroondo zvoupfumi. The chikuru chinyorwa pamusoro musayendisiti kwave vakafunga kuti zvinakire vanhu vanogona bedzi kukura kuburikidza zvakawedzera negoho pakubata kwake. Naizvozvo, Smith akataura pachena kuti kuvandudzika ari kushanda zvemupiro yose Chirungu kwevanhu. Pfungwa dzake ukoshi rinoti kunobva mutengo ndiwo evanhu weboka basa munyaya zvose okuwana.

chinyorwa ichi yambokurukurwa mumwe unoshamisa Economist pakutanga XIX remakore Davidom Rikardo. The wokuEngland aiti mutengo chero chinhu iri pakutsvaga basa zvaidiwa kwayo kugadzirwa. For Ricardo Smith pfungwa inokosha yave nheyo zvose capitalist upfumi.

Marxist dzidziso

Labor Dzidziso ukoshi akaita vakagamuchirwa imwezve rinozivikanwa Economist. Wakanga Karl Marx. muzivi wokuGermany uye ideologist akadzidza Exchange kwenhumbi pamusoro kumusika uye vakagumisa kuti zvigadzirwa zvose (kunyange heterogeneous) zvakafanana zviri ane womukati hunhu. Yaiva mari. Naizvozvo, zvinhu zvose vakaenzana mumwe nomumwe maererano imwe zvinoenderana. Marx akadana kugona iyi Exchange ukoshi. pfuma Izvi hazvo kuri chero chigadzirwa. Hwaro Fani iyi evanhu basa.

Marx yakatanga muna pfungwa ake kiyi Smith. Somuenzaniso, aiva muvambi yokuti basa ane hunyambiri hunhu - zvose kongiri uye chaihwoihwo. Kwemakore akawanda, musayendisiti German kuronga ruzivo rwavo mumunda enyika upfumi. Izvi kuko guru pfungwa uye chokwadi akava hwaro itsva pfungwa Marxist. Izvi zvakanga vanonzi dzidziso pamusoro yemuraudzo ukoshi. Rakava mumwe mukuru nharo dzinoitwa nekuongorora ari capitalist hurongwa.

yemuraudzo ukoshi

A matsva chinokosha Marx akataura kuti basa nokutengesa basa ravo, achizadzwa vadzvinyirirwe nokuda bourgeoisie. Pakati proletarians uye capitalists paiva kupesana, mhosva yaiva mutengo wegadziriro reEurope upfumi. Mari varidzi Makawanza chete kuburikidza kushandisa basa, uye ndiwo murayiro uyu Karl Marx akatsoropodza kupfuura.

Mari nhumbi, iyo anovamba capitalist, nguva dzose kupfuura kukosha basa basa ne proletariat. Saka bourgeoisie unobatsirwei chokuti vakawanda mitengo nokuda kwavo mari. In zvose basa iri kwagara akaripira yakaderera mubayiro, nokuti vakanga vasingagoni kubuda yavo kushandiswa zvakatipoteredza. Vakawana pachavo vachingotya pazviri mushandirwi.

Dzinofanira yemuraudzo ukoshi

The Marxist Dzidziso basa mutengo anosanganisirawo izwi akadai "mhedziso yemuraudzo ukoshi". Chii anoreva? Izvi nderwevaya kukosha, izvo vakawana kubudikidza capitalists nezvishoma ari kushanda zuva avo pasi.

Kune vamwe nguva mapuranga vaifanira kubereka zvinhu. Kana Varidzi kuti proletarians kushanda kunze komuganhu izvi, kupamba zvebasa inotanga.

The shoma mutengo

Dzidziso shoma utility, kana mune imwe nzira - dzidziso shoma mari ndiwo zvokutsvakurudza anoverengeka inonyatsozivikanwa nezvoupfumi ari XIX remakore: William Jevons, Carl Menger, Friedrich of Wieser, etc. Akatanga akapa utsanangurirwe ukama pakati mutengo kwenhumbi uye mupfungwa mafungiro .. mutengi. Maererano yayo huru zvichemo vatengi kutenga chii chingava kwavo kunobva kugutsikana kana mafaro.

Marginal utility dzidziso akaita zvakawanda zvinhu zvinokosha. Chekutanga, nemhaka zvakanga zvaitwa nemutoo imwe nzira itsva kuti kudzidza matambudziko okuwana kunyatsoshanda. Mitemo Chechipiri, yakanga kutanga kushandiswa uri. Gare gare, akanga emulated nevamwe mune zveupfumi dzidziso. Dzidziso shoma mutengo waitwa masayendisiti kuchinja pfungwa dzavo kubva inokosha pakutsvakurudza chokupedzisira kugadzirwa mari mugumisiro. Uye pakupedzisira, kokutanga pakati pakudzidza akava maitiro vatengi.

marginalism

Classical dzidziso kukosha, izvo vateveri vaiva Smith, Ricardo uye Marx, vakatenda kuti kukosha commodity - chiri chinangwa ukoshi, sezvo pakutsvaga uwandu basa kuitwa mukurima. Dzidziso shoma utility anopawo yakasiyana zvachose nzira kuti dambudziko. Zvakazivikanwawo Marginalism. The matsva ndechokuti kukosha chinokosha kunotemwa kwete kugadzirwa basa mari, asi nokuda mugumisiro zvinogona kuita kuti mutengi.

The Chaizvoizvo Marginalism rinogona akagadzira sezvinotevera. Vatengi kurarama munyika dzizere siyana. Nokuda kwavo kusiyana mitengo vari kuzviitira. Ivo vanovimba chete pamusoro vakawanda unhu vatengi. Kana zvinhu zvichava kudiwa, ipapo mitengo vanotanga kumuka. Muchiitiko chino, hazvina basa zvakadini ari mugadziri yakawandisa pake nokuda mari pamberi. All kufunga kana mutengi anoda kutenga chigadzirwa. ukama Izvi zvinogona achimiririrwa ngetani yevatengi zvinodiwa, utility zvakanaka, ayo tsika uye yokupedzisira mutengo.

Murairo ukoshi

Classical Dzidziso ukoshi kufunga mutemo ukoshi somumwe anokosha zvinoumba mamiriro ezveupfumi kubva munguva dzekare. Exchange kwenhumbi vakatora nzvimbo kure shure seEgipita Mesopotamia anenge zviuru zvishanu apfuura. Izvi akanongedza musayendisiti wokuGermany uye yepedyo Karla Marksa , Friedrich Shona. Zvino kwakange mutemo ukoshi. Zvisinei, inonyanya kushandiswa, ariwana Munguva capitalist kubudirira. Izvi imhaka yokuti ari pamusika upfumi runobereka zvinhu zvava kwose kwose.

Chii ndiwo mutemo ukoshi? Ipfungwa yaro huru? mutemo uyu rinoti kuti kupanana nenhumbi dzavo kugadzirwa vari kunze maererano mari uye anodiwa basa. ukama ichi chinonzi chero vanhu pane kuchitsinhanisa. Zvinokoshawo kushanda nguva iri kupedzerwa pakusikwa uye kugadzirira kwenhumbi okutengesa. The yepamusoro mutengo, hwepamusorosoro nomutengo.

Murairo ukoshi, uyewo inokosha dzidziso inokosha ndiko kuitira kuti munhu wacho basa nguva zvakakodzera mumagariro inofanira kuenzanirana. Izvi mari vamwe zvinodiwa, izvo zvinofanira vakaisa vagadziri. Kana havagoni kukurira izvi, varasikirwa.

Mashandiro anoita mutemo ukoshi

Muzana XIX remakore upfumi dzidziso ukoshi anonzi mutemo unokosha zvikuru basa pakugadzirwa mamiriro ezveupfumi. The ano musika panguva dzakawanda uye nyika mumatunhu, chete rinosimbisa chinyorwa ichi. Mutemo anotipa zvinhu kuti kune kurudziro hwenyika uye kukura kugadzirwa. Kugona kwaro kunobva paukama nedzimwe mananara zvemari - makwikwi, chindingindingi uye mari kufamba kweropa.

An chinokosha basa mutemo anokosha ayo-software weboka basa pakati akasiyana mabhora okuwana. It anoita kushandiswa zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti pave zvigadzirwa uye chitarisiko chavo pamusoro pamusika. An chinokosha ichi chinowanikwa ndiyo simba pamusoro mitengo. Pamwe kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu mumusika indekisi rinowanika weboka basa uye guru pakati akasiyana zveupfumi sectors.

Mutange kugadzira mari

Murairo ukoshi kunomutsa kurimwa mari. muenzaniso uyu sei? Kana mugadziri anoita yavo nomumwe basa mari pamusoro voruzhinji, ipapo richaita kurasikirwa nemari. It is risingadzivisiki muenzaniso upfumi. Kuti arege kuenda kusauka, ari mugadziri vachafanira kuderedza yavo basa mari. To izvi Hunoita ndiwo mutemo unokosha, kuita chimwe musika, zvisinei chavanopinda kune imwe indasitiri.

Kana vaburitsi achaita kudzikisa nomumwe kukosha nhumbi, iye achawana vamwe zvoupfumi zvakwakanakira pamusoro vakwikwidzi dzavo. Saka muridzi hakurevi dzosera chete mari basa, asi anogamuchirawo nemari chinokosha. muenzaniso Izvi zvinoita inobudirira pamusika vatambi iwayo vagadziri avo mari mari dzavo kuvandudzika okuwana pahwaro zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu mberi.

The ano Dzidziso ukoshi

Pamwe kukura pamusika upfumi uye kuchinja maonero kwayo. Kunyange zvakadaro, mazuva dzidziso ukoshi rwunokwanisa inobva mitemo akagadzira pedyo Adam Smith. Imwe yacho chikuru dzinofunga ndicho chinyorwa kuti mumagariro basa iri muzvikamu zviviri - kwesayenzi uye hwokugadzira bhora uye nokure kubereka.

Ndezvipi kusawirirana kwavo? Scientific uye hwokugadzira zvoupenyu munzanga basa hunosanganisira kugadzirwa zvinhu zvitsva kwakavakirwa Zvakawanikwa mune zvesainzi. It yakaumbwa sezvo kushandiswa ukoshi (mu itsva zvoupfumi dzidziso nayo Anonziwo nemhedziso ukoshi).

zvimwe zvinhu okuwana riri mumunda kubereka. Pane achiumbwa nokuda hama kana exchanges, mutengo. Zvinonzi pakutsvaga simba mari kubereka kwenhumbi uye mabasa. zvinogoneka The ano dzidziso inokosha yokuziva mitemo kuziva kukosha munhu mari. It achinyanya zvinoenderana reSosaiti atinoitwa kubudirira uye kushanda imwe dzakagadzirirwa.