Alfred Marshall. Cambridge Chikoro Economics

The neoclassical chikoro zvoupfumi inosanganisira Cambridge uye reBritain neAmerica. Chokutanga anonzi rinokosha kutungamirirwa pakukura nechirango. Paumbwe chikoro ichi zvoupfumi chokuita mazita kunoshamisa masayendisiti. Pakati pavo - Valras, Clark, Pigou. A anokosha nokuumbwa pfungwa itsva yakanga Alfred Marshall (1842-1924). The Hurongwa, iyo yakatanga anorenda pamwe navo, kwakanga kuenderera dzenhoroondo pamwechete kwebasa rinofanira zvokudya itsva nzira uye muganhu kuongorora. Raiva basa rake munzira dzakawanda chinorondedzerwa yemberi mirayiridzo kwenyika pfungwa.

Alfred Marshall: Biography

Akazvarwa mufananidzo uyu muzana remakore rechi19 muLondon. Akapedza kudzidza Cambridge University. Muna 1877 boka vatanga ayo administrative mabasa pa Bristol University. Munguva kubva 1883 kusvikira 1884-ndipo iye zvokuita panguva Oxford. Pashure paizvozvo akadzokera Cambridge University uye kubva 1885 kusvikira 1903rd mubheka ari muzvinafundo. Mukutanga 90-ies remakore rechi19, akashanda senhengo muRoyal Commission zvebasa. Muna 1908 akasiya weDhipatimendi Political Economy kuCambridge. Kubvira kusvikira parufu rwake, akanga tsvakurudzo yavo.

Alfred Marshall: mupiro kuti upfumi

Nhamba iyi anonzi mumwe havaoni ari neoclassical negwara. Akatanga pfungwa chirango "zvoupfumi", nokudaro achisimbisa kunzwisisa nyaya pakutsvakurudza yavo. Aidavira kuti pfungwa iyi zvizere uye zvakarurama kuratidza chinhu kudzidza. Mukati sayenzi Akaongorora zvoupfumi ezvinhu uye zvinhu munzanga upenyu preconditions zvoupfumi basa. It is kuiswa kurangwa uye haagoni kunzi dzinoshanda nyaya. Zvisinei, upfumi mutemo nyaya havasi kuhupenyu nyaya yacho. upenyu Economic, kuti Marshall pfungwa, inofanira kukurukurwa kunze enyika simba uye hurumende kupindira. Aidavira kuti chokwadi kwave kuisa mberi nokuda Classics, icharega kukosha kwavo pamusoro nguva nyika. Zvisinei, vakawanda zvokudya dzakabudirira kwokutanga, vanofanira kujekesa nokududzira, sezvakatenderanwa achinja ezvinhu. kusawirirana pakati vaitungamirira masayendisiti zvinotarisirwa aionekwa mungabva ukoshi: zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa, basa mari, kana utility. Economist Alfred Marshall akakwanisa nharo mune imwe ndege. Akasvika mhedziso kuti hapana chikonzero kuti kuona kwaibva ukoshi. Zvakanyanya zvichakubatsirai kudzidza zvinhu kukanganisa kukosha kwayo chechetere uye nesimba.

Kudiwa uye zvitengeswa

Chokutanga, tinofanira kuona izvo nzira yokudzidza vakasarudzwa Alfred Marshall. Pfungwa inokosha nechipi inobva gakava kunhivi nhau mutengo. Pamabasa ake, iye akataura nzira zvakajeka kubva muhurukuro iyi. Kufunga dzidziso zvinokonzera okuwana, akasarudza mumwe dzakasiyana ayo - pfungwa vakaurayiwa zvinhu izvi. Studies awana nekuyanana pakati dzakasiyana zvikoro imwe mhando. Chinokosha Pfungwa kwaisanganisira ochinja musimboti regiravhiti nemabasa Bourgeois nyanzvi negakava kukosha pakudzidza paumbwe mapatani uye kudyidzana pakati mutsigiro nomudonzvo uye kudiwa. Kubva musi uyu, akavapindurawo, aigona kutanga pamuviri prices. Saka, zvakanga zano nekuyanana ibatanidzo anokosha Mapato uye pfungwa dzakasiyana yokungotaura mirayiridzo. A Kuwanda pfungwa okuwana zvinhu rakaiswawo muzvidzidzo pakati regularities paumbwe chigadzirwa zvinopiswa. Pfungwa dzidziso shoma utility, sezvo iye akapinda, uyewo, kutsanangura maumbirwo mutengi kudiwa inotungamirwa mitemo. Munguva yokudzidza, nzira itsva dzakawanda dzave kuisa mberi, akatanga Mapato uye pfungwa, ipapo zvakasimba zvaisanganisira mukuranga.

Time chikonzero

Kudikanwa kusanganisira mune mutengo nekungorora kuchisimbiswa pakutsvakurudza wake, Alfred Marshall. The chikuru chinoumba yake mafungiro, aiva kudyidzana pakati kugadzirwa mari uye mari dzidzo. kudyidzana Izvi novimba yezvakaita nzira akarara ari kuongorora. Munguva pfupi run panguva nouchapupu kuwedzera kudiwa pamusoro romugove, nekusagona kubvisa mukana uyu huripo kugona anomhanya Yaunoti quasi mashandiro. mabhizimisi avo kuti pave chishoma zvigadzirwa, asati pakatanga zvivako zvitsva vane mukana yekudyidzana kuwedzera mutengo. Somugumisiro, havana kuwana nemamwe, "kvazirentny" kwemari nokuda generating purofiti iwayo. Alfred Marshall akarondedzera zvakaitwa pamusika mauto kuti nokufamba mukati wedzerai uye kudiwa iri pfupi.

Musimboti nekuyanana

Marshall Economic Pfungwa kwave rinotsigirwa venguva yake. Iye avasarudzira imwe nekuyanana yave ichiiswa zvibereko kuranga Chipangamazano chaVa umo unosvikowana pachayo kumagumo remakore rechi19. Its mutengo dzidziso yambokurukurwa mberi uye vakatanga kuti chikamu enyika upfumi, unonzi Micro-upfumi chikamu. The musayendisiti akaona Bourgeois nzanga hurongwa ravakwa inowirirana, iro rave kunyimwa chimwe chinokosha zveupfumi nemagariro kuzvipokanidza. Alfred Marshall vakaperekedza kwazvo kuongorora paumbwe uye kudyidzana pakati kiyi Mapato, akasuma pfungwa itsva. Kurangwa, zvaanofunga, kwete chete rinoongorora hunhu upfumi. Kekutanga chokuita vavariro upfumi basa. Kuwanda vakurukurirane kunoonekwa mari - zvanzi Alfred Marshall. Misimboti Economics, saka vakanga inobva Kuongorora maitiro evanhu.

Vakatambudzwa basa uye guta

Alfred Marshall vaiona nyaya chokuita paumbwe yokupedzisira mutengo uye mubereko Inopa. Muzvidzidzo izvi, akaramba tsika Chirungu nzira. Pfungwa yokuti zviri pfungwa matambudziko basa akanga Seniora uye nhamba vateveri vake. Alfred Marshall aidavira kuti mari uchishandisa mari vari achivanza chaiyo mari. Pavanondirwisa pakupedzisira kusarudza exchange kukura riparadzirwe nhumbi. mari Real ari capitalist mamiriro inoumbwa guru uye basa vawirwa. wakaiswa mari uye rendi vakanga vasingagoni pfungwa. Achitsanangura pfungwa basa vanobatwa, Alfred Marshall akapotsa zvachose vakatevera dzidziso Seniora. chikamu ichi akadudzira sezvo kuzviitira rekusuwa vakanga chokuita uchishandisa simba. Capital akuvara Marshall - iri kurega pakarepo oga rinodyiwa mari.

Chikonzero uye kushanda

Alfred Marshall muzvinyorwa ake akataura wayo famba uye unoreva zvakawanda. Uyezve, akavhomora kuteerera mitemo specificity, izvo vakavhura anowanzoita dziri nemiitiro. The musayendisiti akataura pamusoro specificity kwemitemo zvoupfumi. Ndicho ichi zvinoomesa kutsvaka chokwadi uye zvaida kushandiswa zvakakodzera Analytical nzira. Fungidziro kwaibva pafungidziro kuti munhu kutsvaka mafaro uye akanaka, anowana kure. In mumamiriro ose vanhu vanowanzofunga kuti zvitifambire chinhu kana pane zvishoma mumwe. Alfred Marshall zvinganaka nzira iyo unofanira kutanga kuziva pfungwa zvikonzero dzakakudzingai matambudziko zvimwewo. Iye akataura kuti simba huru zvinokonzera zviito voga uye kutungamirira kongiri zvabuda. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu aya kunoitika kana mberi ichagamuchirwa pfungwa, maererano risina rimwe chikonzero pane kuti dzidziso segwapa zvakajeka, haringapiwi kucherechedzwa. In danho rinotevera inorangarira zvinhu zvitsva zviri kudzidzwa. Somuenzaniso, zviri kufungwa wedzerai uye kudiwa kuchinja zvakasiyana Mapato mishonga. Nokufamba ari rinomutsa akadzidza, kwete nhamba. Anoongorora mauto kuti itibatsire kufamba mitengo uye kudiwa.

kukwana zvakanyatsoenzana

Alfred Marshall kunzwisisa sezvo yakananga reruwa uye anozivikanwa zvokukwegura nzira, iyo inosanganisira kubviswa zvinokonzera izvo vasina panguva kusarudza chinhu. Secondary ezvinhu kukanganisa pfungwa rakashandurwa kuva vakaparadzana, "imba yokuchengetera zvinhu" unokosha. Akataura "mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu ari vakaenzana." Alfred Marshall kuchengetedza ichi inosiya kwechirwere zvimwe zvinhu, kwete kufunga navo panguva imwe inert. Nehanya zvazvinoita kwechinguva chete. Saka, pane chimwe chete chikonzero - mutengo. It anoita somunhu mhando magineti. Nyika zvoupfumi iri Virtual pasi pokudzora rimwe regulator, vose incentives uye simba sei nerubatsiro uye kudiwa gadziriro.

Kuongororwa matambudziko

Alfred Marshall akatsvaka kuongorora kukamura uchishandisa nyaya iri mundege chaiko ezvinhu oupenyu ezvoupfumi. basa rake izere vakawanda mifananidzo, mienzaniso aakanga atora kubva tsika. Masayendisiti ari kuedza chokubatanidza yokungotaura uye nhoroondo kuswedera. Panguva iyoyowo nzira yake dzimwe nguva, schematize, hureruke chokwadi. Alfred Marshall akanyora nezvokuti kurangwa nechinangwa, pakutanga kwezvose, kutsvaka ruzivo woga. Chechipiri basa anoita tsanangudzo dzinoshanda nyaya. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti zvakakosha pfungwa zvakananga pamusoro kushandiswa zvaitika kudzidza chinokosha. Kuvaka tsvakurudzo zvaanofanira chawo haana kwakavakirwa chinangwa hunobatsira, uye maererano zviri chinangwa ongororo. Marshall akataura kundorwa pfungwa Ricardo chokuita kunyanya kufunga kugadzirwa mari uye kutamira kunyika yechipiri nzvimbo kudiwa kuongorora. Zvakaita akaita somumwe zvikonzero underestimating kukosha mibvunzo kutsvakurudza zvine chokuita nokudzidza zvinodiwa nevanhu.

chinodikanwa munyonga

Rinobatanidzwa ne tinyatsonzwisisa yacho utility. Marshall akaisa mberi saturation muenzaniso kana kudzikira tsika senguva dzose, chikuru pfuma evanhu. Maererano kwemamiriro musayendisiti, kwokudiwa munyonga yemanyorero ane kunaka materu. Kuwedzera uwandu zvikomborero akazoita kushanda kumuganhu vezvikwata ayo. Murairo zvitengeswa ari kubatwa Marshall zvinotevera fomu: ". Kuwanda nhumbi, zvakauyiswa kwokudiwa inowedzerawo pamwe vasanyanye mitengo uye zvinoderedza nezvibereko zvayo"

The steepness of munyonga panguva dzakasiyana zvigadzirwa dzinosiyana. Vamwe makomborero, izvozvo zvinoderedza zvinoshamisa, nokuti vamwe - pazera zvakanaka. The dhigirii materu (angled) achizosiyana maererano nokuchinja kudiwa pasi pokudzora mutengo nokufamba. Kana ichi achakurumidza kuitika, zvichava chandagwinyira, kana zvishoma nezvishoma, inelastic. Izvi pfungwa dzaiva itsva upfumi pachisara uye kuti Marshall kuvapinza dzidziso.

Supply uye kugadzirwa mari

Exploring Mapoka aya, Marshall vaiita zvichidhura mamwe uye zvinokosha. In mazwi ano, ichi wakaiswa uye shanduka mari. Vamwe mari iri pfupi haigoni kuchinjwa. Panyaya bhuku kwenhumbi sei chezvinonhuwira shanduka mari. The optimum Huwandu chigadzirwa kunokwanisika kana kuti shoma mutengo equalized pamwe shoma mari.

nezvipoka itsva

Nokufamba kwenguva rutapudzo mukurima mari zvakakonzera kwokunze uye dzimwe mari. mazwi aya vakanga nezvevanakomana masayendisiti. Kugona dzakawanda mari runobvira nokuvandudza sangano uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu. External, akavapindurawo, iri riine nokuda padanho wevasungwa, mari, zvifambiso nezvaanogona. Zvinhu izvi dzinesungano yose muvanhu. Kutaura zvazviri, munzvimbo iyi inoratidza musiyano pakati haasaruri uye nhamba kugadzirwa mari.