Primitive world. Upenyu hwehutungamiri hwevanhu

Primitive (pre-class) nguva mukufambiswa kwevanhu inotakura nguva yakakura-kubva pamamiriyoni maviri emakore apfuura kusvika 5 millennium BC. E. Nhasi, nokuda kwemabasa evanochera matongo, zvinokwanisika kudzorera inenge yose nhoroondo yekubuda kwevanhu tsika. Munyika dzekuMadokero, danho raro rekutanga rinodanwa nenzira yakasiyana-siyana: chizvarwa chekare, rudzi rwemarudzi, rusina tsika kana yehutano.

Ndeipi nguva yenyika yekare?

Masangano ekirasi akaonekwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana panguva dzakasiyana, naizvozvo miganhu inoshandura nyika yepakutanga yakazara zvikuru. Imwe yevakakurumbira anthropologists, vanoda nhoroondo yekare - AI. Pershitz. Akaronga chirevo chinotevera chekugovana. Nzanga dzakange dzambovapo kusati kwaonekwa makirasi, musayendisiti anodana apopolytheymi (ndiko kuti, akabuda musati mavapo ehurumende). Izvo zvakaramba zvichiripo mushure mokubuda kwechikwata chemagariro evanhu inogadzirwa.

Nguva yenyika yepakutanga yakabereka marudzi matsva evanhu, akasiyana neAustralopithecus yapfuura. Mumwe murume ane unyanzvi aigona kutotama pamakumbo maviri, uye anoshandisa dombo netsvimbo sezvigadzirwa. Zvisinei, pane izvi kusiyana kwose pakati pake nemadzitateguru ake kwakaguma. Kufanana neAustralopithecus, munhu ane unyanzvi anogona kutaura, achishandisa chete kuchema uye kumira.

Nyika yepakutanga nevana veAustralopithecus

Mushure memakore emamiriyoni ekushanduka-shanduka, mhuka itsva, iyo yainzi munhu-akashongedzerwa zvakanaka, ichiri chiduku zvikuru kubva pane yakatangira. Yakanga yakafukidzwa mumvere dzemakwai, uye zvikamu zvemuviri zvakafanana nemonke mune zvose. Iye zvakare akatarisa semhuka mune zvaanoita. Zvisinei, murume akangwara akanga atova nehupi hukuru, nenzira yaaive nayo mano matsva. Iye zvino munhu angavhima nekubatsira kwekugadzira zvishandiso. Zvishandiso zvitsva zvakabatsira munhu wepakutanga kubata zvitunha zvemhuka, kuti asungirire matanda ematanda.

Kuwedzera kumwe kubudirira

Izvo chete nokuda kwouropi hwakawedzerwa uye unyanzvi hwakawana, murume aigona kupona munguva yechando ndokugara muEurope, kuchamhembe kweChina, neIndia subcontinent. Anenge makore mazana maviri emakore akapfuura kwekutanga kokutanga munhu akajeka akaonekwa , kana homo sapiens. Kubva panguva ino, madzinza ekutanga anotanga kushandisa mhumhi mhuka dzekugara. Vanogara mavari mumapoka makuru. Nyika yepakutanga inotanga kutora mamiriro matsva: ino nguva inonzi ndiyo nguva yekuzvarwa kwehukama hwemhuri. Vanhu vorudzi rumwe vanovigwa pamitambo chaiyo, kuchengetedza makuva avo nematombo. Zvakawanikwa nevanochera matongo vanosimbisa kuti murume wepanguva iyoyo akatoedza kurwisa hama muzvirwere, akagovana zvokudya uye zvipfeko nazvo.

Basa rezvipenyu muhupenyu hwevanhu

Basa rinokosha rekushanduka-shanduka, kusimbiswa kwekuvhima uye yekugadzira zvipfuwo kwakaitwa munguva yepakutanga nemhepo, iyo ndiyo mhuka dzenyika yepakutanga. Ichi chikamu chinosanganisira dzakawanda zvekare zvisina kurega. Semuenzaniso, mvere dzemvere dzemvere, mask oxen, mammoths, mbondohwe, guru, saber-toothed tigers, mabako ane. Kubva mhuka idzi kunotsigira upenyu nekufa kwemadzitateguru evanhu.

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti munhu wepakutanga akavhima uroystin rhinoceroses kakange makore makumi manomwe emakore akapfuura. Masara avo anowanikwa mundima yeGermany yemazuva ano. Mamwe mhuka haana kuisa njodzi chaiyo kumarudzi ekare. Semuenzaniso, pasinei nekukura kwayo kunoshamisa, bheji rehavha rakanga rakadzika uye rakasviba. Nokudaro, madzinza ekare akauramba nyore nyore muhondo. Mamwe emhuka dzokutanga dzakapambwa ndeye: mhumhi, zvishoma nezvishoma kuva imbwa, uyewo mbudzi yakapa mukaka, mvere uye nyama.

Chii chakaitwa nekushanduka kwevanhu chaizvoizvo?

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mamiriyoni-dollar yakashandurwa yevanhu yakagadzirirwa kuponesa zvakakwana semuvhimi uye mutengesi. Nokudaro, chinangwa chikuru chekushanduka-shanduka kwaiva chekutanga mumunhu. Nyika itsva, ine makirasiro ekirasi yayo, inzvimbo yakasiyana zvachose.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofanidza kuoneka kwekirasi yegadziriro munzanga nekudzingwa kubva paradhiso. Pose nguva, vanhu vevanhu vevanhu vevanhu vanogona kugadzirisa hupenyu huri nani, dzidzo iri nani nekuzorora. Avo vari veboka rezasi vanomanikidzwa kugutsikana nekuzorora zvishoma, basa rinorema remuviri uye nzvimbo yakagadzikana yekugara. Mukuwedzera, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinodavira kuti mune zvidzidzo zvevanhu, tsika dzakanaka dzinowana maitiro asina kunaka.

Kuparara kwepakutanga kwemagetsi

Chimwe chezvikonzero nei nyika yepakutanga yakatsiva chikwangwani chechikoro ndiko kudhura kwezvinhu zvekushandisa. Icho chaicho chekugadzirwa kwakanyanya kunopupurira kuti pane imwe nguva sangano rakasvika pakukwirira kwakakura kwekufambisa kwenguva yayo.

Vanhu vekare vakadzidza kwete kungobudisa zvishandiso uye zvinhu zveimba, asiwo kuchinjana ivo pachavo. Nenguva isipi munzanga yepakutanga yakatanga kuonekwa vatungamiri - avo vanogona kugadzirisa nzira yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Rudzi rwemhuri rwakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma nekirasi yehurongwa. Mamwe madzinza ekare akanga atova nekumagumo kwepanguva yepakutanga yakanga yakarongeka mharaunda umo maive nevatungamiri, vatungamiri vevatungamiri, vatongi nevatungamiriri.