Polish vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata: nhoroondo kuwanika wokutanga kutaurwa, vamiririri

Munyika yanhasi Poland, vagari vemo vane kuenzana kwekodzero kusarurana hazvina. Zvisinei, Pole ose anoziva zvinoreva shoko "vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata". Izvi kirasi ropafadzo aivapo munyika kwerinenge chemakore, kubva muzana remakore rechi11 uye mangwanani rechi20, apo muna 1921, vakanga aparadza neropafadzo yose.

Nhoroondo chiitiko

Pane shanduro mbiri chidzoke Supreme kwamachinda Polish vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata.

Under wokutanga, izvo vaiona zvikuru dzechokwadi uye pamutemo vakagamuchira, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vokuPoland kwamachinda yakatanga somugumisiro shanduka zveupfumi kuchinja.

Vakapararira madzinza necheSalvic mhenyu munharaunda Eastern Europe, zvishoma nezvishoma kukura uye vanobatana mibatanidzwa. The Kudeuka ainzi neOpole kuti dzinochengetwa. Pakutanga akatungamirira neOpole kuti dzinochengetwa akamira dare revakuru akasarudzwa kubva vamiririri kupfuura simba uye kuremekedzwa basa. Mune remangwana, kurapa munhu nzvimbo neOpole kuti dzinochengetwa yakakamurwa pakati vakuru uye vakava nenhaka, uye vakuru vakanga vanozviti machinda.

Constant hondo kurwisana pakati machinda kwakaita kuti kudiwa kusika muzvikamu zvechiuto. Warriors vakanga basa pakati vanhu vakasununguka, kwete rakasungirirwa pasi. Kubva ichi, boka yakura uye neboka idzva ropafadzo - vanokudzwa. Kushandurwa kubva pashoko German "vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata" rinoreva "hondo".

Asi kuti ari shanduro chidzoke mukirasi yechipiri. Ndezvenguva nyanzvi Cracow University, Franciszek Xavier Pekosinskomu, uyo akararama muzana remakore rechi19. Maererano musayendisiti, vokuPoland vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata haana kuzvarwa muna mukudzika shanduka Polish vanhu. Ndiye chokwadi kuti vakuru vokutanga vaiva zvizvarwa Polabian, anorwisana madzinza necheSalvic uyo nechisimba nharaunda kwePoland mukupera 8th - mangwanani remakore rechi9. Kutsigira pfungwa dzake ndechokuti musi nguvo maoko mukuru vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata mhuri vanoratidzwa necheSalvic Runes.

YaMakoronike yokutanga

The kutaurwa Polish Knights, vaiva madzitateguru kwamachinda, wokutanga akaramba yaMakoronike Gallus Anonymus, uyo akafa muna 1145. Pasinei dzaakanyora "The Chronicle nezviito amachinda navabati Polish" dzimwe nguva anorwara kubva zvenhoroondo mashoko okuti uye pakakoromorwa, richiri akava kwainyanya mashoko pamusoro paumbwe vokuPoland wehurumende. Kutaurwa rokutanga kwamachinda chokuita mazita Mieszko 1 uye mwanakomana wake, Mambo Boleslaw Akashinga 1.

Paitonga Boleslav chakatangwa basa "ishe" mamiriro musoja mumwe, uyo rakashandurwa rebei basa kuna mambo. Ichi chinyorwa kudanana shure 1025 gore.

Mambo Polish Knights

Boleslaw ari AKASHINGA 1 kuzoripira ari honorary rokuremekedza kwete machinda chete, asiwo varanda, kunyange Shevedzai wokutanga pacharo rinokosha chinzvimbo - "mozhnovlady" pane vanodada chaizvo. Up kusvikira mukupera mutongi remakore rechi11, ndivo chete - kubva Knights, ivo - vakatanga of vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata mukirasi, haana zvavo kunyika Holdings.

Muzana remakore rechi12, apo Boleslav HRE-mouthed, knightly kirasi tumbleweed akava muridzi womunda.

Europe Knights pezana remakore munoziva Kereke mauto vakatakura kutenda kwechiKristu kuvaHedheni. The Polish Knights havana kutanga sezvo varwi kereke, asi sezvo vanotsigira namachinda uye madzimambo. Boleslaw ari AKASHINGA 1, vanotochiita kirasi iyi, uye akanga Duke kwePoland wokutanga, uye ipapo rinozviti mambo. Iye akatonga kwemakore anoda kusvika 30 uye akaramba munhau somunhu akangwara chaizvo, manomano uye kushinga enyika uye musoja. Apo Umambo kwePoland izvozvo yakawedzera yekudyidzana nokuda accession yeCzech ndima. Boleslav kwakamboitwa vokuPoland chikamu Moravia Great. Pamusana kwaari, guta Krakow, guta guru Muduku kwePoland, akapinda muHumambo Poland nokusingaperi. Kwenguva refu yaiva guta guru ehurumende. Zviri nhasi - rimwe remaguta makurusa munyika, chinonyanya kukosha tsika, upfumi uye kwesayenzi pakati payo.

metacarpel

Piast imba kuti raiva Korol Boleslav, akatonga nyika emakore mana. Yakanga pasi Piast Poland akaona nguva vakawanda nokukurumidza budiriro munyaya zvose. Nheyo Modern Culture kwePoland dzakaiswa ipapo. Not mudukusa basa ichi vairidza zvechiKristu munyika. Richiwedzera Crafts uye kurima dzakatangwa simba dzaishandiswa Links nyika dzakavakidzana. Kirasi Noble vachishingaira mubasa muitiro, zvikaita kuti pave uye ruponeso kwePoland.

Kupatsanurwa kwamachinda uye chivalry

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi14 vokuPoland vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata raiva zvakarurama guru uye simba kwazvo kirasi. Zvino kutanga zvakadaro kuti, nokuti knight Feat zvakanga zvisingaiti. mitemo indigénat, adoptsii uye ennoblement vakagamuchirwa. Makurukota kuti dissociate pachavo kubva mamwe makirasi, vachiisa kumanikidza pamusoro pamambo. Ivo nezvaaigona, nokuti emakore akawanda akava Varidzi kupfuura munyika. Zvino Mambo Louis muHungary yakawana kumbonzwiwa neropafadzo.

Kosice Ropafadzo

Louis akanga asina vanakomana, navanasikana vake vakanga vasina kodzero choumambo. Kuti tiwane kodzero ichi kwavari, akavimbisa vakuru, vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata abolition kusvika ose mabasa kurutivi namambo. Saka, muna 1374 vakauya akakurumbira Ropafadzo Kosice. Zvino, zvose nzvimbo hurumende inokosha ine vokuPoland vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata.

Under sungano itsva, kwamachinda ichikutadzisa zvikuru simba mumhuri youshe upristi mukuru. Avakuru vakanga asingachaiti mitero zvose, asi nyika, asi akanga mufaro - romumunda rimwe pagore achapiwa mhosva 2 chete sendi. Panyaya iyi, vakuru vanopiwa mari kana paaivatambudza muhondo. Vakanga vasina vaifanira kuvaka uye kugadzira nekiyi, mabhiriji, zvivako guta. Mukushanya munhu youmambo munharaunda kwePoland avakuru asisiri pamwe naye kuti ave murindi nokukudzwa uye Escorts navo zvakare akabvisa basa kupa mambo zvokudya uye pokugara.

Rzeczpospolita

Muna 1569, Umambo kwePoland yakabatana kuva kusaroora, pamwe Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania Rzeczpospolita. Zvematongerwo enyika munyika itsva Hurumende inonzi vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata hweruzhinji. Kutaura zvazviri, akanga asiri chete hapana hweruzhinji. At musoro Commonwealth akasarudzwa kuti upenyu namambo. rokuremekedza ake haana nhaka. Pamwe mambo nyika kuzvidzora vazvitambudze Diet.

The Diet kwaibatanidza maviri makamuri - neDare uye Ambassadors of dumba. The Diet chaiva vakuru vakuru vehurumende uye Mukuru vafundisi, uye Ambassadorial kari - dzavo kusarudzwa vamiririri vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata mukirasi. Kutaura zvazviri, nhoroondo Commonwealth - ndiyo nyaya sei kwamachinda pamadiro uye kutarisira kutarisira avo ezvinhu.

Simba nevaitonga Poland

Ane simba umambo vanokudzwa Polish vakaita zvikuru nezvainoita zvemitemo uye Executive masimba. Historians vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata kuzvidzora kuongororwa ave chinodiwa mhirizhonga.

Mashoko iri rikavakwa pamusoro risingaperi simba pamusoro vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata mune zvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa munyika. Vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata aiva kodzero kurambidza, kana mambo aida sheedzera kuva varwi, kutora chero mutemo kana kuti kutanga mutero idzva, wokupedzisira shoko, kungava kana kwete, agara raimirira vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata. Uye ichi pasinei nokuti vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata chaizvo kirasi akadzivirirwa nomurayiro ari oga uye pfuma node.

The ukama vanhuwo zvavo pamusoro vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata

Pashure kubatana muna 14-15 emakore. Poland kuti dzakati vakawanda Red Rus Polish vanhuwo zvavo vakatanga kutamira kundima itsva. With kukura kutengeserana zvokurima zvigadzirwa, ikabereka pamusoro idzi, zvakatanga kushandisa kunze pamatunhu kudiwa.

Muna 1423 rusununguko vanhuwo zvavo misha munharaunda kurambidza mumwe mutemo wakatangwa pasi kumanikidzwa kubva vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata mukirasi. Pasi mutemo uyu, vanhuwo zvavo vakanga kukava serfs vaisungirwa kuita panschinu uye vaisabvumirwa kusiya nyika uye musha.

Relationships pamwe vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata vanhuwo

History of Commonwealth, uye anoyeuka kuti vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata dzinotyorwa dzomumaguta kwevanhu. Muna 1496 mumwe mutemo wakadzikwa inorambidza vaFiristia kutenga munda. Chikonzero ndechokuti kusvikira Hadzisi sechinhu nharo vachida kuitwa chisarudzo ichi chaiva chete iyoyo kuti vagari vane tsika kuzeza mabasa echiuto uye nyika anoregerwa varimi - zvinogona vaiendeswa. Uye musha wavo-guta burgers kuchaita kudzivisa kudana vanhu vake nokuda muchiuto.

Maererano nomutemo chete basa maindasitiri uye ezvokutengeserana establishments kudzora vatariri nemagavhuna yakatarwa pakati vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata.

Noble mataridzikiro

Zvishoma nezvishoma Polish kwamachinda kutanga kunzwisisa pachake mukuru uye zvakanakisisa vokuPoland Estates. Pasinei nokuti zvachose kurema avakuru vakanga vasina tycoons, uye aiva nani mwero pfuma uye havana yakakwirira azvipire dzidzo, vane zvikuru nokuzviremekedza, nokuti jendurumani - wokutanga uye mukuru chinzvimbo. KuPoland, shoko "vavariro" achiri asina zvisiri zvapamagwaro.

On chii kujairika maonero akadaro chaienderana? Chekutanga nezvokuti wamambo ose, uyo akasarudzwa kuti Hurumende, aiva nekodzero kurambidza. The ipapo vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata tsika aireva kunyange ukashora mafungiro mambo, uyo akasarudzwa panguva yayo kungwara. Rokosz (kurudyi kusateerera Mambo) kuisa namambo pamusoro ndima ine vagari vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata mukirasi. Jendurumani - murume zvakafanana vakazvidza makirasi zvose, kunze kwake, uye zvechokwadi kana mambo pachake nokuda jendurumani - kwete simba uye kwete waMwari akazodzwa, zvino chii kutaura pamusoro vanhuwo zvavo uye neboka pakati? vakakudzwa vavo akadana varanda.

Saka chii kuita nguva ino maturo mugove chavagari of Commonwealth? Favorite basa avakuru vakanga vachidya, kuvhima uye nokutamba. Tsika Polish kwamachinda rina mavara mavara anorondedzerwa munhoroondo enganonyorwa pamusoro Genrika Senkevicha "Colonel Wolodyjowski", "moto uye Bakatwa" uye "Mafashamo."

Asi zvose zvinobva kupera nguva. Uye dzakaguma peutongi hweudzvanyiriri kwamachinda.

Poland mukati Russian Empire

Mukupera remakore rechi18, chikamu ndima Commonwealth yakava chikamu Russian Empire. Pano akatanga vanonzi critiques vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata. Iri izwi rinoreva chine mabasa kuitwa hurumende yeRussia. Vakanga zvainanga Kuderedza batana uye kukodzera, mune gadziriro yenyika kukura, hurumende vokuPoland kwamachinda. Nenzira, ukuwo chikamu anokudzwa nevanhu muPoland vakasvika 7-8%, uye muna Russian Empire akanga nepaburi 1.5%.

Property chinzvimbo of vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata haana kusvika kugamuchirwa kuRussia. By changamire nechirevo September 25, 1800 kusvika kwamachinda ingasanganisira avo vagari Privislinskih enyika (anonzi Polish nyika mukati Russian Federation), uyo achakwanisa kwemakore maviri kupa muvhidhiyo uchapupu hwavo mamiriro chaiko kudzokera vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Revision mazita muna 1795. Vose vachaitwa dzakagoverwa vamwe makirasi - vanhuwo zvavo, zviduku-Bourgeois uye volnohleborobskomu. Panguva vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata hurumende iri Commonwealth vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata kirasi achishingaira kukasawedzerwa nenhengo itsva. Panguva kubatana wokuRussia Empire pakati avakuru vakanga avo vakakwanisa kuwana chinzvimbo of Noble Assembly wevatariri, asi akanga asina nokusimbisa Heraldry weSeneti. chikamu Izvi kunze kubva pamazita vaiona kuti vanobatanidzwa pakati kwamachinda.

Pashure Polish yemuna pamusoro 1830-1831 rakagamuchirwa weSeneti chisarudzo pamusoro mutemo Poles vazivikanwe pamwe vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata, uye weboka vavo muzvikamu zvitatu, zvichiteverwa rokuzvidavirira kuna vakakwirira.

chikamu chokutanga iri raibva Poles pakuva Estates vane vanhuwo zvavo kushandisa kana vanotongwa, asi havana nyika, pasinei vakanga aifarirwa paungano Noble kana kwete.

chikamu yechipiri vaiti Poles vasina nyika uye vanotongwa, asi akabvuma Noble Assembly.

Muchikwata yechitatu vaiti Poles funga pachavo vanokudzwa, asi hauna nyika uye zvidzidzo, uye havatenderwi nokuda Noble Assembly.

Sezvo kupinda rehondo Regulation Noble Assembly iyi wakarambidzwa kupa Poles gwaro kwamachinda, kana kunzi chinzvimbo asina vanopupurirwa pakati Heraldry.

Polish-vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata, kuuya pepa iri urongwa kwamachinda, akanyorwa vemo kana freeholders. Vose vakanga kunyorwa nehurumende vanhuwo zvavo.

Makurukota, haafari nokuda Russian kwamachinda, vaisabvumirwa kutenga nyika kubvira kuvanhuwo zvavo. Vakazowana akabatana zviduku-Bourgeois kirasi uye miduku yokuruwa.

End of vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata kirasi

Nguva Polish vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata nepaitengwa Poland (mu mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20) rusununguko kubva Russian Empire. The Constitution itsva 1921-1926 biennium. Handina ambotaurwa shoko "vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata" kana "kwamachinda". Zvino uye nokusingaperi Republic kwePoland novoprovozglashonnoy vemo ayo ose vane kuenzana kwekodzero mabasa.