Middle Ages - zvanzi remakore? Chii mukupera Middle Ages

Middle Ages - nguva zvakawanda pave European munzanga, kufukidza 5-15 fung remakore AD. Zvakatanga paraiitwa pashure pokuwa mukuru hweRoma, pamusoro - kutanga kwemaindasitiri muEngland. Mumakore aya gumi emakore Europe auya refu nzira kukura, inozivikanwa yokutama vazhinji, paumbwe huru nyika dzokuEurope uye kubuda ari Zvivako yakaisvonaka nhoroondo - the gothic machechi.

Chii chinoratidza Ages vanhu

Mumwe dzakaitika munguva ine yayo nemamwe zvinhu. Nhoroondo nguva haisi anosara.

Nguva Middle Ages - ndiko:

• agrarian upfumi - ruzhinji vanhu vaishanda vari kurima;
• ari predominance pakati vokumaruwa muguta (kunyanya mukutanga nguva);
• guru basa kereke;
• kuomerera mitemo yechiKristu;
• muHondo;
• feudalism;
• kuti chidzoke rudzi-inoti;
• Culture: Gothic machechi, ngano, nhetembo.

Middle Ages - zvanzi remakore?

Paraiitwa rakakamurwa kuva huru zvitatu nguva:

• Early - 5-10 fung emakore. n. e.
• High - 10-14 fung emakore. n. e.
• Gare gare - maminitsi 14-15 (rechi16) remakore. n. e.

Mubvunzo "Middle Ages - zvanzi Century" asina mhinduro yakajeka, panongova anofungidzirwa inofananidza - pfungwa nemaonero boka dzekare.

Three kwenguva dzakasiyana chaizvo mumwe nomumwe: pakutanga itsva nguva Europe ruzivo yokutambudzika - nguva kusagadzikana uye kusabatana, pakupera remakore rechi15, vakaumba nzanga ine wayo nevamwe tsika uye tsika dzechinyakare.

The husingaperi nharo zvikuru zvesayenzi ne nzira

Dzimwe nguva unogona kunzwa mashoko :. "Antiquity - ndiye Middle Ages" Vakadzidza murume ndakabata musoro wake paakanzwa kurasika uku. Official nesayenzi anofunga kuti Ages - panguva, kwakatanga mushure kubatwa zviri Western hweRoma kubudikidza vaGiriki muna 5th remakore. n. e.

Zvisinei, nzira dzekare (Fomenko) usabatana pfungwa nemaonero pamutemo nesayenzi. In denderedzwa kwavo, unogona kunzwa mashoko :. "Antiquity - ndiye Middle Ages" It uchaudzwa kwete kubva mukusaziva, asi nemamwe maonero. Uyo kutenda, asingaiti - ukasarudza. Tinoudza maonero pamutemo nhoroondo.

Matangiro Azvakaita: kuparara kukuru Roman Empire

The kubatwa Roma kubudikidza venyika - ichi haisi chiitiko chaiva mavambo yaitonga Ages Europe.

Empire yakatora 12 emakore, munguva ino, yava akazviunganidzira kunokosha ruzivo uye ruzivo vanhu yakanyura kupinda yokukanganwa mushure tyisa madzinza ose Ostrogoths, Huns uye Gauls vakatora kumadokero kwayo chikamu (476 BC. E.).

The anga zvishoma nezvishoma: kutanga, kudzora kubva kuRoma akakunda ruwa, uye ipapo Center akawira. Kumabvazuva muumambo hwacho, neguta rayo guru mu Constantinople (zvino Istanbul) kusvikira remakore rechi15.

Mushure kubatwa uye musaga kuRoma venyika Europe mukusanzwisisa rima mazera. Pasinei zvinokosha zvakambononotsa nenyonganyonga, madzinza vakakwanisa dzokerana kuumba yoga ezvinhu uye rakasiyana nemamwe tsika.

Early Middle Ages - ndiye Nguva "vemazera rima": 5-10 fung emakore. n. e.

Panguva iyi, mudunhu hweRoma akava Changamire inoti; Hun vatungamiri, akagadzirira uye vaFrank akataura pachavo nemachinda, calculators, uye mamwe mazita zvakakomba. Zvinoshamisa, vanhu vaidavira kupfuura chiremera unhu uye akatora simba ravo.

Somugumisiro, madzinza fuza havana kudaro yomusango, sezvo unogona kufungidzira taifunga vakanga kutanga statehood uye aiziva pane chinyakare chechetere simbi.

Iyi yakanga mbiri nokuda chokwadi kuti kwakanga matunhu matatu:

• nevafundisi;
• kwamachinda;
• vanhu.

Kusvikira vanhu akaitira vanhuwo zvavo, nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye vatengesi. Vanopfuura 90% vanhu vaigara mumisha uye aishanda musango. kurima mhando kwakanga agrarian.

High Middle Ages - 10-14 fung emakore. n. e.

nemagariro ichatonga zvine mbiri. Wokutanga kunoratidzwa paumbwe imwe maonero, hunhu Ages murume. Horizons vaikudza: paiva mufananidzo wakanaka, kuti zvine musoro nokuva, uye nyika iri rakanaka uye yakabatana.

Chitendero airidza kwazvo basa - vanhu vainamata Mwari, enda kuchechi uye vakaedza kutevedzera dzemuBhaibheri tsika.

Kuti asimbise kugadzikana dzaishandiswa ukama pakati East uye West vatengesi uye vafambi vadzoka kubva kure, vachiuya porcelain, pamakapeti, nezvinonhuhwira uye itsva chiitiko zvekumwe nyika Asian. izvi zvose vakabatsira ane kunopindirana kuwedzera dzidzo mu Europe.

Munguva iyi paiva nomufananidzo womunhu-ari knight, uyo nhasi ari nevasikana vakawanda yakanaka. Zvisinei, pano pane nuances, achiratidza neodnoznanost nhamba yake. Kudivi rimwe, iro knight akanga akashinga uye ushingi murwi, apika kuna bhishopi chokudzivirira nyika yavo. Panguva iyoyo yakanga zvikuru utsinye uye nevasina tsika dzakanaka - chete nzira kundorwa gurusvusvu utsinye vaGiriki.

Iye chokwadi aiva "mudzimai," nokuti raakarwa naro. Achiratidza, tinogona kutaura kuti knight - zvikuru makakatanwa mufananidzo, zvinosanganisira unhu uye zvakaipa.

Mukupera Middle Ages - maminitsi 14-15 (rechi16) remakore. n. e.

Western kare funga kuguma yeMiddle Ages, kuwanikwa America Columbus (October 12, 1492). Vanyori venhoroondo Russian maonero akasiyana - kutanga kwemaindasitiri muzana remakore rechi16.

The Autumn kuMiddle Ages (zita mukupera ichikosha wechipiri) akanga dzinoratidzwa paumbwe mumaguta makuru. Uyewo, kwaiva pamwero mukuru murimi mudiki kumukira - pakupedzisira akava pachena kirasi.

Europe kutambura kwakakomba nekurashikirwa neupenyu nokuda kwedambudziko. The chirwere akatora upenyu zhinji, vanhu vamwe maguta yawa nehafu.

Late Middle Ages - nguva vatiwo mupfumi panguva European kare, urwo rwakatora pamusoro Millennium.

Zana Makore War: mufananidzo Joan pamusoro Arc

Late Middle Ages - ndiro kunetsana pakati England uye France, urwo rwakatora makore anopfuura zana.

Serious chiitiko, akaisa Vector pave Europe, akanga Hondo Makore Zana '(1337-1453 gg.). Zvakanga chaizvo hondo uye kwete zvachose Centenary. Kukurukurwa chiitiko ichi nhoroondo rinonzi Standoff pakati England uye France, dzimwe nguva zvinoenda chinoshingaira kutotanga.

Zvakangotanga vakatanga ane nharo pamusoro Flanders, kana mambo England akatanga kuisa vanoti korona French. Pakutanga, kubudirira akaperekedza UK: duku murimi mudiki mapoka ravanofura nouta vakakunda French Knights. Asi chishamiso chakaitika: Joan pamusoro Arc akaberekwa.

Izvi musikana mutete ne rume mamiriro akanga zvakanaka tsika uye vechidiki aiziva zvehondo. Iye akakwanisa zvokunamata wokubatanidza French uye British kudzorera somugumisiro zvinhu zviviri:

• Iye pachokwadi aidavira kuti izvi zvinogoneka;
• Akadana kubatanidzwa vose French kumeso nomuvengi.

The Zvaizobuda Hondo Makore Zana ' raiva mukukunda France, Joan pamusoro Arc akapinda nhoroondo sezvo rudzi heroine.

Medieval nguva yakapera basa kuwedzera ruzhinji munyika dzokuEurope uye paumbwe European muvanhu.

Nguva zvabuda kune European kupunduka

Nhoroondo nguva kuMiddle Ages - makore ane chiuru, chinofadza zvikuru kukura Western budiriro. Kana chete munhu akatanga wakashanyira mukuvamba Middle Ages, uye ipapo ndanogara remakore rechi15, angadai akadzidza nzvimbo chete, saka zvinokosha vaiva kuchinja.

Ngatimboti yokuverenga chikuru migumisiro kuMiddle Ages:

• ari kubuda mumaguta makuru;
• kuparadzirwa mumayunivhesiti mune Europe;
• kuitwa chiKristu ruzhinji vagari European;
• scholasticism Avreliya Avgustina uye Fomy Akvinskogo;
• rakasiyana nemamwe tsika kuMiddle Ages - imwe mapurani, mabhuku uye uri;
• kuda Western muvanhu kuEurope kune itsva Danho okukura.

The tsika kuMiddle Ages

Nguva Middle Ages - kuchikonzerwa noruzhinji tsika. Pasi zvinonzwisiswa yakakura pfungwa, izvo zvinosanganisira dzisingaiti uye chaihwo budiriro kwavanhu iyoyo. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• akitekicha;
• mabhuku;
• kupenda.

akitekicha

Kuti machechi akawanda akakurumbira European dzakavakwa munguva iyi. Medieval vanatenzi akasika mapurani zvinofadza yazvakaitikira maviri zvitaera: muRoma uye Gothic.

Wokutanga dzakatangira kumadokero Europe iri 11-13 emakore fung. Izvi mapurani kuitika akasiyana nehasha nekuomarara. Machechi nemisasa ari Romanesque manyorerwo nhasi ichatikurudzira pfungwa murima Middle Ages. Yakakurumbira vanosanganisira Bamberg Cathedral.

The Gothic Style haasiyi munhu hanya: nokunyengera sublimity pamusoro Gothic dzimba isingatarisirwi.

The nzvimbo yechizvarirwo pamusoro Gothic - France. Around remakore rechi12 vakatanga kuonekwa kuvaka yokutanga mumagadzirirwo ichi. Vakanga kusiyaniswa kwezvokufuka moldings, kumatenga, uye yakawanda Stained magirazi kudzvokora.

The yakagozha mufambi vachawana yakawanda gothic, machechi uye dzimba muguta riri munyika Western Europe. Zvisinei, pfungwa inonyanya vakakurumbira;

• Notre Dame;
• Strasbourg Cathedral;
• Cologne Cathedral.

mabhuku

European mabhuku kuMiddle Ages ari symbiosis wenhetembo wechiKristu, pfungwa yekare uye zvavo yakakura. Hapana Genre mabhuku nyika hazvigoni kuenzaniswa mabhuku uye ballads akanyorwa nevanyori Ages.

Vamwe nyaya hondo chii munokosha! Vanowanzotaura nezvechimwe chinhu chinonakidza: vanhu vaibatanidzwa pakurwa guru Ages (semuenzaniso, Hondo Ganstingse), nokusaziva vakava vanyori; ivo vaiva zvapupu zviitiko okutanga.

Rizivikanwe Ages vanyori vaiva:

• Aurelius (akaropafadzwa) Augustine - baba scholasticism. Akabatana pfungwa yaMwari kubva uzivi yekare "City waMwari."
• Dante Alighieri - kwakajeka mumiririri Ages nhetembo. Akanyora "The Divine Comedy."
• Zhan Maro - prose kunyora. Famous basa - "Textbook vamadzimambo uye anokudzwa vakadzi."

Middle Ages - ndiro nguva chivalry uye mabhuku akanaka. On mararamiro, tsika nemagariro evanhu vanogona kudzidza kubva vanyori emabhuku.

mufananidzo

Cities akakura, machechi, ukuwo, uye paiva kudiwa Sora kushongedzwa zvivako. Pakutanga, mumaguta zvivako ichi hanya huru, uye ipapo vapfumi vanhu dzimba.

Middle Ages - nguva paumbwe European kupenda.

On Mifananidzo dzakakurumbira kuratidza yemubhaibheri mifananidzo - The Virgin Mary uye Child, chifeve weBhabhironi, "The Annunciation" uye zvichingodaro. Kupararira triptychs (diki mifananidzo matatu chete) uye diptrihi (mbiri mifananidzo chete). Artists akapendwa madziro chapero, dzimba muguta, aisiya Stained magirazi mahwindo kuti machechi.

Medieval ART zvakabatana chaizvo nechiKristu uye kunamata Mariya. Masters akaratidza izvozvo zvakasiyana, asi tinogona kutaura chimwe chinhu - mifananidzo ava zvinoshamisa.

Middle Ages - nguva pakati yekare uye yemazuva ano. Hazvina Nguva iyi rwakagadzirira nzira kwemaindasitiri uye mukuru nenzvimbo matongo.