Mupiro kukura yakaitwa Leonardo da Vinci. Anatomy ari yokunyora nokudhirowa pamusoro Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci akafa muna 1519. Aiva makore matanhatu navanomwe chete. Mukurumbira wake akakurumbira Artist yakanga yatopararira muEurope yose. Zvisinei, pane chimwe chinhu hwake kuti vakanga vasina kuziviswa kuruzhinji. vanhu vashoma vaiziva kuti zvikuru vanofarira Leonardo da Vinci kuti anatomi. tsvakurudzo wake mirayiridzo iyi anoita hapana asingazivi.

Kunyange yepakarepo dzakapoteredza Leonardo da Vinci kuti anatomi panguva havana kundosangana mubereko kwakakodzera uye nokunzwisisa. Izvi zvakaramba kusvikira pakuguma navapfumbamwe - mangwanani maviri emakore. Panguva ino uye vakanga vainyatsoongorora rechitsauko Leonardo da Vinci kuti anatomi. Chete pashure masayendisiti ichiitwa kwazvo Kuongororwa mabasa ake kwesayenzi, akadzokorora zviuru mapeji yamashoko yokudhirowa guru Renaissance, zvakava pachena kuti basa rake sayenzi hakuna kumboderera pane unyanzvi.

mapeji Unknown eupenyu Leonardo da Vinci

Anatomy, optics, zvemaumbirwo, bhotani, Urume simba, etc. - .. sayenzi All izvi kubatikana hwake yakawanda muchadenga, ichibereka zvichida kuti chete kupenda. Izvi musiki matarenda aiva nomukurumbira somunhu archetypal murume kurarama panguva Renaissance - womufananidzo, kubvira nguva nenguva kuita sayenzi.

Zvisinei, kwemakore akawanda Leonardo da Vinci kuti anatomi, kufanana navamwe basa rake kwesayenzi, zvakanga hakukoshi kupfuura mufananidzo. Pamakore okupedzisira gumi haana kutanga kunyora mifananidzo itsva. Kubva 1508 kusvika 1513 womufananidzo zvikuru akazvipa kuna sainzi, chete kupota vodzokera mifananidzo yakanga atanga mumakore yapfuura.

sayenzi Most zvimwe

Vose kwesayenzi panguva ino kunyanya akatora Leonardo da Vinci Anatomy. Kwemakore anoverengeka, akashanda aigara zvitunha, neatly achifumura navo kuti kunyatsoenderana kunzwisisa kwevanhu patemberi.

Ane hunoshamisa tarenda the artist uye kuratidza kunyora werudzii Leonardo da Vinci mumunda yakaitwa akakwanisa kusika chimwe chezvinhu wakakwana kutsvakurudza yake nguva. Iye kunyange atogadzirira basa bhuku, asi haana kuva nguva kushandisa chinangwa chayo. Kana ake bhuku rakabudiswa, kudzidzwa bumbiro munhu panyama kuti kubuda kure mberi, waiva mupiro zvikuru kuti kukura yakaitwa Leonardo da Vinci. Zvinosuruvarisa afa, zvose zvakasikwa izvi zvikuru murume vakanyoresa yokunyora nokudhirowa akasiya pakati magwaro ake pachake akanga refu ina makore kuvanzika munyika.

pakawanda

Kusvikira ikozvino, matarenda akawanda murume uyu, anoramba unyanzvi ndasara chakavanzika kwatiri. Mumakore ake okuyaruka akararama muna Florence akashanda raizondipa unyanzvi hunodiwa imwe yakakurumbira Italian Artists - Andrea Del Verrocchio. Leonardo sevasingafungi mhuri Medici. Next kunzvimbo basa raiva rimwe unyanzvi workshop - ". Kurwa kupfeka" ari Maestro Antonio Del Pollaiolo, munyori wacho achiita zvokutemera Pollaiuolo aiva mumwe Painters of Renaissance, iyo mubasa nokupatsanura mukamuri, kunyatsotevera kudzidza tsandanyama vanhu mugadziriro vokutanga. Venhoroondo vanodavira kuti ndiyo web wokutanga uye simbi zvidzidzo muduku Leonardo da Vinci.

A nzira itsva kuti nemamiriro munhu panyama

Anatomy of vemifananidzo of Renaissance akaonekwa kuyamura kuitira kunzwisisa zvakarurama muviri. Ndicho chikonzero kunyatsoteerera chete tsandanyama hurongwa. Zvisinei, havana kunge akadzidza, mukusiyana kuna Leonardo da Vinci Anatomy zvishoma sezvo mudziyo zvomukati vari kushanda vasingafariri. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Pollaiuolo pachake yakabereka autopsies. Zvisinei, iye, zvakare, akanga hanya zvikuru anatomi pamusoro tsandanyama, asi nekuti mubhokisi, dehenya uye dumbu havana mwoyo.

The kutanga kufarira

Kana pakutanga chaipo hwake nebasa nesayenzi, uye Leonardo da Vinci akaita uyewo Pollaiolo, mumakore akatevera, zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kufunga mamiriro zvokunyama munhu, kwete chete kuva kwokunwa rwaunofarira kupenda kana chivezwa.

Kazhinji, wose upenyu Artist ichi chikuru anofukidza chete zvayo anatomi. Ake Historians chinyorwa chokutanga anoreva 1484-vakasuwa uye pakupedzisira - muna 1515. Zvichida achiri Florence, Leonardo paakashanyira ari nokupatsanura mukamuri, akatanga kuita autopsies. First akaitawo muchipatara Santa Maria Nova. Pano kudzidza tsandanyama mamiriro munyaya dzevanhu uye vazhinji nevamwe Florentine vemifananidzo akadai Michelangelo.

rinobatsira chavainyanya ashumira basa nesayenzi Mondino of Lucchi, uyo akararama kare kare Leonardo da Vinci - "Anatomy". Man akazarura nzira yake mazhinji kwete chete vanachiremba, pathologists, asiwo vaimbi, uye inopisa okunze kweItaly, izvi akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze mukati mashoma.

Zvaidavirwa kuti zuva rokutanga zvakafanira kuzarura mudumbu, ipapo - muchipfuva, pazuva rechitatu - moyo, uye wechina - pabazi. The kudzidza akatanga aine musoro akagerwa romusoro, mamwe hwomukova dehenya yakaitwa, pashure iyo uropi akanga adzidza, uye ipapo - mujinga dehenya. In iyi youpenyu Leonardo anobudiswa ake anatomical schematic vanodhirowa pamuchinjikwa zvikamu makumbo okutanga. Kuoma iri kuvhuya chitunha, Leonardo vakatenda ake zvaanorumbidza sepokutangira kudzidza muviri womunhu marongerwo.

Kurekodha "kupenga" shasha

Sezvo anenge ose mabasa Leonardo - a dhayari, ipapo achinyora vakanga chaiyo. Dzinomirira kwehurukuro imwe mhando kuti munyori inoitwa ane zvekufungidzira munhu uye apo iye anodzivirira mafungiro ake, kuti Prima facie nyaya zvichiguma. Uyezve, rinopa nhungamiro muzvinyorwa Leonardo pachake, uyewo nharo kuti inogona chokuita zvakananga nedzidziso.

Iye aifarira mwoyo, zvetsandanyama nemapfupa maitiro, marangwanda uye tsandanyama. Leonardo yokutanga vakakwanisa zvakarurama uye hazvishamisi zvakarurama kuzochera zvitarisiko uye, Chikurukuru, nhamba yenhengo zvose skeletal ezvinhu ari munhu. All asati ichi marangwanda mufananidzo, sezvinoita mutemo, zvakanga zvimiso, schematic kana chinyakare chaizvo.

Chete nemhaka yavo ruzivo

Leonardo akapa refu chaizvo ukoshi ruzivo, nekuti zvinenge vadzidzi zvose pachavo. Ari kuverenga bhuku, ipapo achiongorora dzidziso yake tsika. Izvi musiki tsanzira vaidavira kuti zvinhu zvose zvinofanira akasika "maererano ruzivo." In zvose zvinhu, ayo runoonekwa Leonardo da Vinci - musayendisiti, anatomi hwatakazvarwa. Muchiitiko ichi anenge kwose kwose zvaainyora kurondwa kutsvaka mhinduro chete. Leonardo, uyo aidavira kuti chokwadi chinogona kuwanikwa, aitungamirirwa nokungonzwawo pfungwa kana kwesayenzi zvaanorumbidza, categorically kuziva dzidziso "dzokufungidzira '. Saka, nemhaka tsvakurudzo ake, kusanganisira mamiriro ruzivo kwevanhu, akaisa sainzi yakadaro inokosha, akaita masvomhu.

Zvikanganiso uye zvikanganiso

The akakurumbira kupenda kubudikidza Leonardo da Vinci, umo anatomi munhu anoratidzwa, maererano masayendisiti, ndiko kusimba yakarurama, asi kunze kwechinhu chimwe chete chokuita munhukadzi dzokubereka nadzo. Asi ichi zvinonzwisisika, sezvo vakadzi autopsied zvitunha dzakanga matambudziko munguva Renaissance.

Pasinei nokuti Italian Artist akadzidza anatomi chete kuti zvimwe kuvandudza mifananidzo yavo, iyo anofananidzwa mitumbi yevanhu, akakwanisa kuwana yakawanda chirango ichi.

A shasha pazvose, Leonardo akaedza kunzwisisa sei "mabasa" mashandiro kwevanhu. Maererano masayendisiti, akatarisa vanhu vakamupoteredza kungofanana makanika anoona motokari. Chokwadi ndechokuti kuti unoratidza hunhu hwevanhu paguva rake kana chivezwa, yokudhirowa aida kuva zvikuru anobata, nekuti ndizvo zvaizoitika kumubvumira kuti kwete chete sezvazviri chaizvo, asi vakawanda - musiki rinokosha, chisingakanganwiki.

Anatomy yokunyora nokudhirowa

Izvi Florentine Artist haisi chete kusika pepa rehurukuro zvikamu dzemuviri kana mapoka tsandanyama, asi akavaratidzawo kuti yokunyora nokudhirowa ake ari muchikamu. Muchiitiko chino, mufananidzo mumwe achiperekedzwa aifanira kunzwisisa zvinyorwa. Uye ivai nechokwadi Leonardo otzerkalival vave nokugarwa nzira iyi pakukwana. Ndicho ekupedzisira, uye anowedzera kunzwisisa kuti kudzidza, zvichiita kuti zviomere masayendisiti kushanda, painstakingly kudzidza yesayenzi nhaka da Vinci. Nhasi, pashure pemazana emakore mana, zvose ake manotsi yokunyora nokudhirowa nokungwarira digitized uye kukurukurwa pachena. Akatarisa kwavari zvinganzi kuti nebudiriro Leonardo da Vinci kuti anatomi rakakura, sezvo akakwanisa kuongorora kwazvo womunhu muviri panguva yacho.

Muchiitiko chino, chero muviri, asi maziso chete, nyanzvi yokudhirowa, uye musayendisiti yave yakawanda yokunyora nokudhirowa uye manotsi sei mwoyo. Zvisinei, akaramba galenovskoe yokuti pamuviri ichi yakatanga mutsinga. Uyewo, Leonardo da Vinci aiva anokumhan'arira pakati dzidziso yacho ventricles maviri, zvikuru zvakarurama uchitenda kuti mavharuvhu vakakamurwa mapoka mwoyo. Zvinofanira akati kuti Tenzi vainge vasina pfungwa kweropa ezvinhu, pakuitisa tsvakurudzo.

Kukosha mupiro

This Florentine shasha ichaongororwa muvambi sayenzi inonzi guru anatomi. Mushure Galen, nokuti gumi emakore, anenge hapana kudzidza chitsva muviri womunhu mamiriro, haana, uye nekuti mabasa ake vaionekwa dzidziso. The zvaakazvionera chokutanga anatomical da Vinci zvakasikwa pedyo mabasa Avicenna, apo yokupedzisira - Vesalius.

By kugadzirira yake, Tenzi Grand akatanga zvose-itsva kudzidza zvomukati. Pavanondirwisa akazogadzira girazi muenzaniso kudzidza mwoyo mavharuvhu. The Artist vakatanga cheka pfupa marangwanda uye pasi, saka zvaraireva kukura kwayo. Mupiro Leonardo da Vinci ari anatomi haagoni dzakanaka. Ndiye aiva munyori mifananidzo rokutanga miviri yevanhu munzira dzakasiyana-siyana. vanodhirowa ake akadanidzira dimonstrazioni.

kubudirira

Leonardo wokutanga munhoroondo yakaitwa nesayenzi yakati kuti vanhu sacrum hauna rinoumbwa matatu uye mashanu vertebrae, akakwanisa nemazvo kurondedzera ayo angled zviri zvinodiwa sacrum. Vakanga kutanga vaiona uye izvi anatomical zvaidiwa muviri, sezvo yakatenuka makakombama kana micheto kuti zvinokosha chaizvo kuti kunzwisisa mashandiro kufema uye pelvic mafungiro.

Kuti Leonardo akakwanisa nomazvo kuverenga kuti rutsoka yedu, pane mijenya makumi maviri namashanu, paakanga asingatyi kupinda nebope nemabasa Avicenna uye Galen, uyo aidavira kuti avo maviri nezvitanhatu. The Artist akakwanisa nemazvo kuzochera wekutanga uye vagari hukawanika. Uyezve, Leonardo akakwanisa kutsanangura vanoverengeka anatomical zviri yevanhu marangwanda, chokuita yedu bipedal pakufamba: somuenzaniso, imwe oblique nzvimbo femur pachinhu hunyambiri.

anatomical manyoro ake, vari mashoko, mazana emakore zvave kuwanikwa nenyanzvi. Uye kunyange zvazvo nhasi vamwe vavo kunosimbisa sayenzi rinoramba mumwe, akadai ake penga Pfungwa pamusoro ropa Zvisinei, pasinei zvimwe zvikanganiso zviri zvidzidzo, zvakaoma kuona kuti mupiro Leonardo da Vinci ari anatomi somunhu sainzi.

Harmony upenyu

Nemhaka Leonardo da Vinci kuti anatomi uye mushonga nhasi akafambira kure mberi. Zvisinei, iye ane mafungiro kuna vanachiremba. Ndiye munhu hunoshamisa, yokudhirowa uye musayendisiti sezvo hapana akaona kutadza navanachiremba uye kusaziva mazuva iwayo.

Nhasi, yokunyora nokudhirowa ake ndiwo zvinhu British Royal Collection - kuBritain youmambo muunganidzwa. Modern anatomi, wokurarama kumativi izvi itsva kuri mitoo yakadai rinobva resonance kuri, kana kuti kudzidza mamiriro hwevanhu panguva nemaziso vanochiva Chokwadi, akaita akakwakuka mberi. altitudes dzakadaro dzakanga dzisipo kuna Leonardo, asi Florentine vemifananidzo vachiri vakakwanisa kuzadzisa uko masayendisiti chete emakore mashomanana gare gare.

Somuenzaniso, yokunyora nokudhirowa ake, kuratidza mazai aya evanhu, ndiye anenge zvachose zvinoenderana chii nhasi unoratidza Ultrasound mufananidzo uye bandauko akaita da Vinci, anotarira rinenge kufanana zvavo ano-dimensional matatu Visualization.

Zvakawanda zviri kuitwa Leonardo, nokuti chokwadi zvinoratidza musimboti zvinhu sezvo kwakaratidzei emakore pashure pacho akatanga guru Florentine painter of Renaissance.