Kozlov Petr Kuzmich - Russian mutsvakurudzi Mongolia, China uye Tibet, nhengo Game Great: Biography, zvakawanikwa, mibayiro

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich (1863-1935) - Russian mufambi, akaongorora Asia, mumwe akakurumbira nhengo Game Great. Aiva honorary nhengo Russian Geographical Society, nhengo Ukrainian Academy of Sciences uye mumwe biographers of Przewalski rokutanga. Nhasi tiri kutarisa upenyu uye basa murume zvinoshamisa izvi zvizere.

udiki

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, zvinonakidza zvinhu kubva upenyu kuti isu funga zvino, akaberekwa October 15, 1863 mutaundi duku Dukhovshchina vechigaro mupurovhinzi Smolensk. Amai yemberi mufambi kunoramba paaivatambudza kurima. baba vake aiva dzenhando muzvinashawo. Vabereki kubhadhara shoma hanya vana uye havana hanya dzidzo yavo. Gore negore, baba Peter akadzinga mombe kubva kuUkraine yakapfuma industrialist. Apo Petro aiva kurei, akatanga kuenda baba vake. Zvichida panguva nzendo idzi, mukomana kudanana yokutanga rwendo refu.

Petr ros dzinenge zvisinei mhuri. Kubvira vachiri vaduku kuongorora mwana aida bhuku. Travel nyaya mukomana aigona kuverenga zuva rose. Gare gare, sezvo yakakurumbira munhu, Kozlov achava kuomera nenyaya yake achiri muduku, zvichida nokuda kwokushayiwa yakajeka nefemero.

youth

Ndava nemakore 12, mukomana akatumirwa kuchikoro kwemakore mana. Ndapedza naye makore 16, Peter akatanga kushanda muhofisi yacho bhurure, riri 66 makiromita kubva yekwake. Uninteresting monotonous basa haana kugutsa kuziva nesimba jaya. Akaedza kuzvidzidzisa uye akasarudza kunyoresa Mudzidzisi wacho Institute.

Nguva pfupi izvi zvisati, siyana masangano kwesayenzi, nenzvimbo uye topographical munharaunda basa kuEngland, Germany, France, Japan uye China akatanga nokushingaira kuongorora Asia. Nokukurumidza kusashanda uye yokuRussia Geographical Society, yakavambwa muna 1845. Big mutambo apfuura kubva achisangana zvechiuto munhangemutange sayenzi. Kunyange munguva apo Kozlov akashanda mabhiza kufudza pamusoro paMaare Smolensk, countryman ake Nikolai Mikhailovich Przewalski akanga atova pamusoro mapeji mumapepanhau nemagazini. Youth nechido verenga zvinonakidza mishumo, kufamba mutsvakurudzi uye vakomana vazhinji hope kudzokorora mabasa ake. Kozlov verenga pamusoro Przhevalsky Kunyanya kufarira. Articles uye mabhuku chakaita izvozvo rudo nokuda Asia uye kuzivikanwa mufambi rinoona dzemwoyo Peter mufananidzo upenyu hwaAbhigairi hwaizova gamba. Zvisinei, mikana namajaya yakafanana wematambudziko vaiva, kuti ndokuisa zvinyoronyoro, zvishoma.

Kujairirana Przheval'skiy

By tsaona, kamwe Kozlov Petr Kuzmich akasangana chidhori chake. Zvino muzhizha 1882 pedyo Smolensk, mumusha Sloboda, apo pashure rwendo dzikamhara pamusoro yavatezvara vake yakakurumbira aizokunda Asia. Kuona manheru mubindu deliberating mukomana, Nikolai Mikhailovich akasarudza kumubvunza nei akanga vaneshungu pamusoro. Atendeuka akatarira chifananidzo chake, Petro akafara. Zvishoma mweya, akati musayendisiti kumubvunzo wake. Zvakaratidza kuti Kozlov kufunga pamusoro chaanoona nyeredzi Tibet sokuti zvikuru chichiwedzera kuti hazvingaiti kuti zvichaitika here izvi munhu. The ramangwana mufambi wakati Przhevalsky nokutendeka kwakadaro, kuti haana kunyange kuzeza, akamukoka bvunzurudzo.

Pasinei musiyano muzera uye munzanga, mativi dzaienderana nemaitiro chaizvo. The musayendisiti akasarudza kutora shamwari yake duku nyasha uye danho nedanho vaaise nyika kufamba nenyanzvi. Pakati Kozlov uye Przheval'skiy pakupedzisira akauraya imwe ushamwari nomwoyo wose. Achinzwa kuti Petro akapiwa chose kuti nyaya, iyo musayendisiti pachake chakatsaurwa pachokwadi, akatora basa kuti Zvinoshingaira ari jaya upenyu. In Mumatsutso 1882, Nikolai Mikhailovich shamwari wechidiki aida kumumutsa kumba uye izvozvo nokukurumidza kudzidza. Upenyu Manor yechifananidzo sokuti fairytale hope Kozlov vake. Akanga murima runako zvinofadza nyaya rakarashika upenyu, uyewo ukuru uye zvakasikirwa kunaka Asia. Zvino Petro akanga akatsunga kuti panofanira kuva shamwari Przewalski. Asi kutanga aifanira kuwana dzidzo yakazara yechipiri.

Muna January 1883 Kozlov Petr Kuzmich vakapfuura bvunzo kuti uzere nzira chesekondari. Zvadaro aifanira kuenda kuburikidza muchiuto. Chokwadi chokuti Nikolai Mikhailovich akatora chikamu boka rake rwendo, avo chete vane dzidzo rechiuto. Pairi aiva nechinangwa zvikonzero zvinoverengeka, mukuru pakati pavo - vanofanira dzinga reuto kurwisa zvizvarwa zvemo. Tashumira mitatu, Peter Kuzmich akanga wechi kunorwa rechina Przewalski. Chiitiko ichi ndicho gamba kubva kwataita uchayeuka hwose.

rwokutanga

Kozlov kuti rwendo rokutanga rwendo Przewalski kwakaitika muna 1883. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kuongorora North East Turkestan uye Tibet. rwendo urwu yaiva Kozlov kunoshamisa tsika. Achitungamirirwa ane ruzivo chipangamazano uye iye steeled pachake mutsvakurudzi uyu. Tom vakabatsira chakakomba hunhu Central Asia uye pakurwisa dziwande kudarika veko. The rwokutanga akanga ane ruzivo mufambi, pasinei ake chido, rinorema kwazvo. Nokuda yakakwirira mwando vaongorori vakanga vakawanda nguva kuva mbatya nyoro. Zvombo amenable kuti ngura, zvimwe zvinhu nokukurumidza kuwana nyorova uye miti unganidzwa nokuda herbarium, aitenge kuti dziome.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, Peter Kuzmich adzidza kupfura ari kutarisana nomunzvimbo dzine, kuziva kukwirira uye, Chikurukuru, kutsvakurudza pakuongorora zvakasikwa, unosanganisira kuwanikwa kwayo chikuru zvinhu. Uyezve, akasangana nesangano expeditionary rati zvisingafadzi. okunze. Maererano mufambi, pakudzidza Central Asia rakava kwaari chinotungamirira chiedza, izvo anosarudza yose mararamiro akazotevera.

Homecoming

Tichidzokera kumba pashure makore 2 rwendo, Kozlov Petr Kuzmich akaramba kukura nokukurumidza yasarudzwa mirayiridzo. Iye kunowedzerwa unyanzvi hwavo mumunda dzinongoitika nesayenzi, ethnography uye zvenyeredzi. Inenge asati kutumira inotevera rwendo, Peter Kuzmich rakazova mutenwa, kudzidza St. Petersburg Military School.

The rwendo rwechipiri

In kuwa 1888 Kozlov akaenda parwendo rwake rwechipiri pasi kutungamirirwa Przewalski. Asi pakutanga kunorwa, muna Karakol Mountain, pedyo Lake Issyk-Kul, kuti aiongorora huru NMPrzhevalsky vakarwara chaizvo uye akafa nguva pfupi pashure. Maererano kufa zvakumbirwa mufambi, akavigwa pamhenderekedzo Lake Issyk-Kul.

The rwendo rakazotanga mumatsutso gore rinouya. musoro wake akagadzwa Colonel M. V. Pevtsova. chiremera Last akatora murayiro, kunyange zvazvo aiziva kuti atsive Przewalski zvaaigona kwete zvakazara. Panyaya iyi, kwakasarudzwa kuti kupfupisa nzira, Kusaita kudzidza Chinese Turkestan, Dzungaria uye kuchamhembe chikamu ari Tibetan Plateau. Pasinei nokuti rwendo akatendeuka rakaderedzwawo, vadzidzi akakwanisa kuunganidza voluminous nhoroondo uye nenzvimbo zvinhu, rinokosha mugove izvo vaiva Petru Kozlovu, dzinowanzotsigi- mubasa pakudzidza East Turkestan.

Wechitatu rwendo

Akatevera rwendo Kozlov kwakaitika muna 1893. Panguva ino, kutsvakurudza danidziro wakayambirwa V. I. Roborovsky aite kamwe mabasa mukuru mubatsiri Przewalski. Chinangwa rwendo urwu chaiva kuongorora kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kukona Tibet uye muhomba Nan Shan. On rwendo urwu, Peter Kuzmich akaita vakazvimiririra kundorondedzera zvinokukanganisa. Dzimwe nguva aifanira kuenda oga kusvika 1000 makiromita. Panguva iyoyowo akaunganidza mugove zoological muunganidzwa kunorwa weshumba. Apo V. I. Roborovsky nechepakati vakatanga kunyunyuta pamusoro utano, Kozlov akarairwa kutungamirira rwendo. Iye vakabudirira kurarama basa uye vakauya nyaya kumagumo. Tichidzokera kumba, muongorori akapa mushumo, iro vanoda ne "Mushumo mutevedzeri mukuru rwendo P. K. Kozlova."

First akazvimirira rwendo

Muna 1899, mufambi akaita debut wake basa musoro rwendo. Chinangwa vechikamu vaiziva Mongolia uye Tibet. Kutevedzana akatora vanhu 18 vakapinda, izvo Vatsvakurudzi 4 chete, vose - the mudungwe wemabhazi. The nzira rinotanga panguva Altai mabha- yemapurisa iri pedyo nomuganhu Mongolian nayo. Akabva akamhanya kuburikidza Mongolian Altai, Central Gobi uye Kama - anongoda unexplored munzvimbo kumabvazuva Tibetan Plateau divi.

Kuburikidza kutsvakurudza okumusoro kunosvika of Yellow River, kuti Mekong uye the yangtze-Jiang, rwendo nhengo vakaramba atarisana dzinongoitika zvipingamupinyi uye utsinye zvemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakakwanisa kuunganidza rakasiyana orographic, Geological, okunze, zoological uye botanical zvokuvakisa. Vafambi anojekesawo upenyu zvishoma-anozivikanwa madzinza Eastern mushroom.

Mongolia Russian mutsvakurudzi uyo akatungamirira rwendo, pachake akaita rondedzero pamusoro siyana dzinongoitika zvinhu, kusanganisira nhema vari kukwira pamusoro 3200 metres uye ane sekamufarenzi pakati 385 makiromita ose Qinghai Lake; headwater Yalong River uye Mekong, uyewo peya anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri Kunlun hurongwa zvakanga wamboonekwa kuti sayenzi. Uyezve, Kozlov akaita chinopenya essays woupenyu vemo uye emari Central Asia. Pakati pavo anomira akabudisa rondedzero tsika Tsaidam eMongolia.

Kubva Mongolian-Tibetan rwendo Kozlov akauya muunganidzwa ezvibereko kasvisto uye Fauna of munzvimbo kuongororwa. Pavaifamba, haana chete kugadzirisa mapoka nezvombo vanhu vemo, vane nhamba zvasvika vanhu 300. Nokuti kuti mushandirapamwe yakapedza anenge makore maviri, kusvikira St. Petersburg akanga anzwa kuti zvakakwana kukundikana kwayo uye rufu. Asi ichi kugona kudzivirira Kozlov Petr Kuzmich. Book "Mongolia uye Cam" uye "Cam uye shure nzira," akatsanangura zvakadzama rwendo urwu. Chakadaro zvibereko rwendo Kozlov akagamuchira menduru yegoridhe yeRussian Geographical Society. Saka Big Game akasimuka mumwe mubatsiri rakajeka.

Mongol-Sichuan rwendo

Muna 1907, imwe honorary nhengo Russian Geographical Society, akaenda rwake wechishanu. nguva iyi nzira akamhanya achibva Kyakhta kuna Ulan Bator, ipapo nepakati uye kumaodzanyemba kumatunhu kuMongolia, Kukunor nharaunda uye, pakupedzisira, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero Sichuan. Most chinokosha kuwanikwa akanga kuwanikwa muna Gobi Desert vakasara vakafa guta Hara-Hoto, vakanga akafukidzwa nejecha. Munguva kupikidura kweguta yakawanikwa raibhurari mabhuku zviuru zviviri, mugove icho weshumba zvakanyorwa hurumende Si Xia, uyo gare gare akava mutauro Tangut. Izvi zvakawanikwa akanga akasiyana, nekuti hakuna mumwe miziyamu munyika ine guru muunganidzwa wemabhuku tungutskih yakadaro. Anowana kubva Hara-Hoto kuridza inokosha munhau uye netsika basa, sezvo yakanyatsotsanangura kutotaura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvoupenyu uye tsika yekare mamiriro Xi Xia.

Nhengo rwendo vakaungana rakakura ethnographic zvinhu pamusoro Mongolian uye mushroom avanhu. Cherechedzai vairipira kuna Chinese kare uye wechiBuddha chitendero. Uyewo yakawanda zoological uye botanical zvinhu ikaunganidzwa. Special tsvakurudzo kuwanikwa ndiyo dzakaunganidzwa woodcuts mabhuku kudhinda uye mifananidzo, izvo zvave kwemazana emakore asati kudhinda wokutanga Europe.

Uyezve, Hara-Hoto inowanikwa munyika chete muunganidzwa pabepa Banknotes XIII-XIV emakore. Uyewo vacherera Hara-Hoto akauya zvakawanda zvemarudzi ose Zvidhori, chitendero Nhamba uye mazana dzechiBuddha mifananidzo nesirika, huni, pepa jira. Zvose izvi vakauya panguva Academy of Sciences Museum uye Kesari Alexander III.

Mushure kuonekwa uye kunyatsoongorora vakafa guta, rwendo nhengo akasangana Qinghai Lake, uye ipapo zvishoma-anozivikanwa nzvimbo Amdo, riri mune vanobwembura of Yellow River.

Kubva rwendo urwu, Russian akaongorora Mongolia ave kamwe zvakare akauya akapfuma muunganidzwa zvinomera nemhuka, pakati zvakanga dzinowanika, uye kunyange genera. Zvakabuda rwacho musayendisiti akatsanangura mubhuku rake "Mongolia uye Amdo uye guta vakafa Hara-Hoto", rakabudiswa chete muna 1923.

tichengetedze Security

Muna 1910, kuti aiongorora akanga paakavapa hombe menduru yegoridhe pamusoro Chirungu uye rokuItari Geographical Society. Apo Russia akabatanidzwa munyaya muHondo Yenyika I, Colonel Kozlov vakaratidza chido kubatana kuhondo vehondo. Akaramba uye akatumirwa Irkutsk Chief dzakaitwa zvokuvakisa mombe kuti mauto.

Pamugumo yaOctober Revolution, pakupera 1917, Mongolia muongorori, China uye Tibet, izvo panguva iyoyo kare Major General, Mutungamiriri muna Askania Nova Tauride province. Chinangwa rwendo - kuitwa zviyero kuchengetedza dzakachengetedzwa nzvimbo inowanzorimwa uye Flughafen Zoo. Nyasha hapana simba, musayendisiti akaita zvose zvinobvira kudzivirira rakasiyana dzinongoitika Monument. Muna October 1918, akashuma kuna Minister of Education kuti Askania Nova uye akaponesa nyika yake inokosha rakaramba. Kuti uwane kudzivirirwa kuchengeterwa, akakumbira kuti hwakatamisirwa Academy of Sciences rweUkraine uye akapiwa mukana wokuwana 15-20 vazvipira. Muchiitiko chino, Kozlov ndakumbira pasi ake pachake basa 20 nepfuti, sabers uye revolvers, uyewo nhamba inodiwa cartridges kwavari. Panopera 1918, pane imwe kwakandiomera Nguva Civil War, nemhaka kuitwa Major-General Kozlov, vanhu vanoda kusvika 500 vakanga vari chengetedza.

The rwendo itsva

Muna 1922, utungamiriri Soviet yakasarudza kuronga pakundopambara kuCentral Asia, apo akagadzwa mukuru-makore 60 Kozlov Petr Kuzmich. Mufambi wacho Wife - ornithologist murume Elizaveta wokutanga waiva kambani iri rwendo. Pasinei nezera rayo, mufambi wakange azere simba uye kunakidzwa. Parwendo rwake wechitanhatu, kubvira muna 1923 kusvika 1926, vaongorori akaongororawo duku chikamu kuchamhembe Mongolia, uye okumusoro bheseni rwizi Selenga.

Zvakare, mufambi Akagamuchira chinokosha nemigumisiro yesayenzi. Muna Noin-ula ezvinhu, akawana zvishoma kupfuura 200 makuva uye vakapedza Zvakafukunurwa dzavo. Somugumisiro, yaiva Hun kuvigwa makore 2,000 apfuura. Ichi matongo yazova mumwe mukuru remakore rechimakumi maviri. Musayendisiti pamwechete navo rwawana zvinhu tsika yekare, kuburikidza paunogona kuwana misoro mufananidzo hwenyika uye upenyu Huns munguva: II remakore BC. e. - I N c. e. Pakati pavo paiva rakakura muunganidzwa romubati chokupika nemakapeti uye micheka yeGirisi Bactrian umambo, iyo iripo kubva III remakore BC. e. ne II remakore AD. e. kuchamhembe vemazuva Iran, Afghanistan, uye kuchamhembe-kumadokero kweIndia.

On pegomo Ikhe-Bodo, iri Mongolian Altai, panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 3000 metres, vafambi vakaona chekare Khan mausoleum.

Zvisinei, chinonyanya kukosha kuwanikwa rechitanhatu rwendo Kozlov aiva kuwanikwa mumakomo okumabvazuva Khangai guva zvizvarwa 13 vazukuru Genghis Khan. Akava aiongorora European rokutanga vanobata ishe Tibet. Kozlov akamuka kubva kwaari chaiyo mvumo, izvo zvinodiwa kuti pave dombo murindi inodzivirira nzira kuna Tibetan guru Lhasa. Zvisinei, Britain chaitadzisa kupinda remasayendisiti Russian muna Lhasa. Nhengo Game Great, Pyotr Kozlov uye havana kuwana muguta rino. pamusoro retanhatu mushumo rwendo, akabudisa bhuku "Rwendo kuMongolia. 1923-1926 "

zvimwe zvinhu

Muna manomwe makore Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, kuvhurika iyo kuramba anozivikanwa, haana kusiya hope nzendo refu. Zvikurukuru, akaronga kuenda Lake Issyk-Kul, kuti kamwe zvakare kukotamira muguva tenzi wake, uye kunakidzwa veko runako. Asi vanotsvakurudza nematanhatu rokupedzisira rwendo. Pashure basa, akararama upenyu norunyararo Leningrad uye Kiev. Zvisinei, vakawanda nguva aine mudzimai wake, duku danda imba mumusha Strečno (50 km kubva Staraya Russa).

Pose akagadzirisa mufambi, nokukurumidza akava akakurumbira pakati muvakidzani vaduku. Kuzviisa pasi rimwe kuziva vechiduku ruzivo wavo, muongorori akaronga madenderedzwa vaduku zvakasikwa, akafamba vakapoteredza nyika kupa hurukuro, rakabudiswa zvinyorwa ake uye nyaya. Nyika nesayenzi vaiziva Kozlov Petr Kuzmich. Opening muna Eurasia akamupa Kuzivikanwa chero madenderedzwa. Muna 1928, wokuUkraine Academy of Sciences akasarudzwa kwaari zvizere nhengo. A Russian Geographical Society paakavapa pake menduru pamusoro N. M. Przhevalskogo. Pakati vatsvakurudzi of Central Asia of XX Russian musayendisiti remakore rine nzvimbo inokosha.

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich akafa September 26, 1935 kubva cardiac kuoma dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. Akavigwa panguva Smolensk Lutheran kumakuva.

pfuma

In rukudzo Kozlov akadana Glacier Ridge Tabyn-Bogda Ola. Muna 1936, munyika kukudzwa rechi100 gore kuberekwa zita mufambi ikapiwa Dukhovshchina chikoro kembasi apo masayendisiti ari kutanga kunzwisisa nyika. Muna 1988, muSt Petersburg Apartment Museum mufambi yakavhurwa.

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, pfupi Biography iyo yakaguma, kwete chete aigara nguva zvinhu zvikuru, asi akasikawo iri munhu. Akapedza akatanga Przheval'skiy kubviswa "makwapa chena" pamusoro map Asia. Asi pakutanga Kozlov, nyika yose yakanga pamusoro pake.