Mamineral Finland. Industry and Economics muFinland

Nyaya ino ichakurukura Finland zvicherwa, dzokubudisa dzavo, kubudiswa uye basa iri upfumi. Tanga nyaya iyi achava chinhambwe nezvenguva makore mabhiriyoni matatu apfuura, apo nzvimbo idzi vakavigwa pasi rechando hombe. Zvikurukuru nemhaka yezvakaitika nguva zvisaririra zviri Finland akaonekwa nhamba dzakadaro.

chando zera

Yakanga panguva chando zera iri huru girenayiti sekristaro Panel hwaakange guru rinorema paiva chando kupinda goko paNyika zvokuti akaumba vaviri dziva guru - Gulf Bothnia uye kuBaltic Sea, aimbova madhamu vokutanga. It mazizaya akaumba kwakaita nzvimbo yacho yose Finland. The chando ukobvu makiromita kupfuura vatatu vakakwanisa atsaudzire nyika pachayo. Vakatorawo kubva pemvura mamita anopfuura manomwe padombo.

The hurongwa yose Finnish madhamu uye boulders makuru nevaye zvizhinji angamuudza sei Finland rusununguko zvakazoonekwa saka zvatiri kuona nhasi. Three muzana munyika - zviri zvachose rakashama girenayiti, uye kunyange gumi muzana - zvakafanana girenayiti muchivande ari kudzika mumwe mita. Pamusana Ice Age zvisaririra muFinland uri muzvizhinji panyika non-ferrous uye isingawanzowanikwi simbi. Chokwadi chokuti munguva dzekare ichi chaiva nyika rechando, ndiri zvachose zvose pamusoro nyika.

Finland ikozvino

Nzvimbo iri Finland, - kuchamhembe Europe. The zvikuru Chikamu nyika iri pamusoro Air Peninsula. It anoudzawo miganhu Norway, Russia, Sweden, pamusoro pegungwa - pamwe Estonia. Nzvimbo iduku - mativi makiromita matatu namakumi matatu navasere zviuru. Kune mashanu uye vanhu mamiriyoni nehafu, chikamu chikuru icho rakasimba guru - Helsinki - uye mamwe maguta maduku, uye muzana matatu chete yevanhu - mune dzimwe ndima. The zhinji madziva, masango, anezvimiti - anozivikanwa kuchiitwa chikamu kuti munyika paine Finland.

No zvishoma kunakidza nenzvimbo mashoko iyi nharaunda kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Mabheya Stony vari Kazhinji, asi nguvo maoko Finland anogara achiitwa havasi muchigara izvi munzvimbo shumba (kunyange zvinofungidzirwa kuti muna 1580 rainzi mambo mhuka trot). Sezvo vazhinji ivepo (makore anenge mazana mashanu) Finland wakaitwa sezvo ruwa Sweden, raiva Swedish mambo Gustav Ndiri mufananidzo uyu. Coat of maoko Finland akazviratidza ari chifananidzo chake Gothic chechi eguta Uppsala. Pashure pfupi, Finland aiva chikamu Russia, uye ipapo shumba (kana yokuSpain) vanoratidzwa pamusoro nenhoo, yaiva pamusoro bhokisi iri youmambo gondo kaviri-vakananga.

jogirafi

Jogirafi pakati Finland zvikuru chairwo: anopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu nharaunda yayo nhema mazana maviri metres pazasi wegungwa uye ane maonero nemumakomo moraine pamapani pamwe kakawanda chimiro pamatombo, zvanza makungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri zvikomo - Salpausselkä, Suomenselkä, Manselkya.

North-kumadokero munyika maigara Air makomo (zvavo pamuganhu wamabvazuva). Makomo akakwira muFinland muna 1365 metres - gomo Haltiatunturi. A zvishoma zvishoma pane zviuru makumi matanhatu makungwa, kana masere muzana ndima zvose zvinoumba guru mvura hurongwa. Length rorwizi haisi nyaya, asi vazere Mangondo dzakakwirira mvura.

jioroji

Zvemaumbirwo pamusoro Finland vagara vandifungira kwayo nzvimbo pamusoro kuBaltic Shield. Early Precambrian metamorphic matombo pano, uyewo girenayiti, uye ivo vose zvaiita podornuty maumi rechando uye glacial deposits ari Quaternary kumwedzi. Shure pamusoro rechando zvakadaro kuoneka zvose maitikiro dzavo. Bothnia michinjikwa mhosva mapazi kuti kunosvika kune Wekumusoro Ladoga Lake nharaunda kugovera Precambrian idzodzo nguva huviri munzvimbo. Kumabvazuva kupararira Archean greenstone mabhandi nguva, zvinoshamisa pindana clastic sediments uye volcanics Jatulian (Early Proterozoic).

Zviri navo uye vari chokuita deposits pamusoro ores zvinokosha simbi (uye vamwe - nyore): pesimbi haisi goridhe chete, asiwo uranium exchange, simbi, mhangura, nickel, nechigadziko simbi, vanadium uye cobalt. Kumadokero kune calcareous alkaline yamatombo, shales uye greywacke pasi makore mabhiriyoni maviri, vakanga inoumbwa kuputika chitsuwa arcs uye zviratidzo zvinoendesa kune makungwa. Vari munzvimbo zhinji vakanga plutons intruded ne granitoids, apo nzvimbo inokosha - Tsentralnofinlyandsky batholith. Pane zvakawanda deposits diki polymetallic, mhangura, simbi, nickel uye pasi isingawanzowanikwi mhangura.

tsvakurudzo

Muna 1947, vezvesayenzi Geological Society, muna 1970 kurongwazve Academy yakarongwa Finland. Ndicho ekupedzisira, uye ari mubasa zvemaumbirwo uye migodhi zvenyika yacho. The curator chinokosha komiti, nhengo Academy mamiriro apo nhengo masayendisiti pasango sayenzi zvakasikwa. Emerging nyaya uye kunobatsira kugadzirisa chikamu Academy Board, pakubata kwezvinhu tsvakurudzo, uye kuva nechokwadi kupinda zvose mibvunzo rimwezve zano - ekudzidza.

In Finland, kumayunivhesiti vari kudzidza uye migodhi uye zvemaumbirwo, asi anoranga aya vanodzidziswa mumadhipatimendi ose (sayenzi zvakasikwa) mukuru pamwe chete kunze. Ndiwo Guta Helsinki University of Technology - State yunivhesiti, yakavambwa muna 1908. Pane yoga dhipatimendi simbi uye mugodhi. Zvisinei, unogona kudana yakawanda Finnish mumayunivhesiti kuti kudzidzisa nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana, izvo inokosha chokuita migodhi uye zvemaumbirwo, pasinei nokuti madhipatimendi izvi havasi vanhuwo, uye vanozviitira sayenzi yepanyama.

zvicherwa Finland

Chrome esimbi Finland akafuma zvikuru. Uyewo pane guru mumatanda zinc, cobalt, nickel, mhangura, apatite, vanadium, uye chokwadi pamusoro peat. Iron mhangura iri mined kuchamhembe-kumadokero kwenyika. Mumunda Pahtovara rakaronga glandular quartzites, muna Kaymaryavi - apatites uye magnetites, uye McCall, Hitura uye Kotalahti kupa yemhangura nickel. Ores zvinokosha nesimbi yakatanga kumaodzanyemba Finland, Kemi uye kuchamhembe Lapland. Vammala dhipoziti, Outokumpu, Vihanti ane ndarama, sirivha uye Platinum boka simbi (racho kunyora nezvavo mugove).

Rare simbi dziri zvikaramba kumaodzanyemba uye nechepakati zvikamu, apo minda mikuru vari Kangasala Kemiyo uye makavigwa zviri ilmenite esimbi kunoratidzwa nokuvapo, phlogopite, magnetite, zircon, pyrochlore baddelita. Mhangura apatites, chromium, vanadium chaizvo zvinokosha, muEurope, panzvimbo uwandu cobalt rokutanga - wechipiri. Uyewo yakawanda simbi esimbi, zingi, mhangura, nickel. Peat uye asiri esimbi zvicherwa zvikaramba chaizvo Finland. Peat deposits akawanda chaizvo uye dziri anongoda munyika, asi kukura, mumwe nomumwe wavo ari muduku. Zvoupfumi kutanga deposits zvinopfuura makumi maviri hectares, iyo vazvo kuva mamita anopfuura maviri. In Finland, sezvo asina deposits zvose zvakadaro.

mhangura

Zvinenge zvose deposits ose uranium exchange esimbi vari Karelian quartzite-shale kunzwisisa kana kumuganhu Archean girenayiti-gneiss yakaoma. Of chinokosha chitsamba deposits anogona Kolari Paltamo Paukayanvare uye Noutiyarvi. Iron ores dziri kuchamhembe-nechokumadokero uye nechepakati mativi Finland. Kakawanda vari chokuita Karelian orogeny, izvozvo leptitovoy inotungamirwa.

Pakati ores vane ferruginous quartzites (Pahtovara), apatite uye magnetidy (Kaymayarvi nevamwe), magnetite skarns (Oriyarvi uye Tervola), ilmenite-magnetite (mu Otanmyaki uye dzimwe nzvimbo). Skarn deposits dzinokudziridzwa uye magmatic kunzwisisa. Vanadium uye titanium ari mhangura chiri panzvimbo wokumabvazuva kuguma kuBaltic Shield. zvivako izvi chokuita Lower uye sredneproterozoyskim nguva. Ivo dzinokudziridzwa muminda uye Mustavara Otanmyaki.

polymetals

Chromium mhangura iri kusimbiswa rimwe munda, iro rinopa zvose nhengo bhizimisi muFinland. Kemi ichi - muGulf of Bothnia, pamusoro wayo kuchamhembe kumahombekombe. Cobalt, nickel, mhangura uye zvakadai vasiri ferrous nesimbi kuitika ores muna Ladoga Bothnia bhandi, uye Geological uye maindasitiri minda kwakaratidza mhando mbiri. Izvi mhangura-nickel sulfide muna Kotalahtinskoy subband bhandi (McCall, Hitura, Kotalahti nevamwe), sezvamakaropafadzwa avhareji mhangura zviri 0.3%, uye nickel - 1,2%.

The mhando rechipiri - iri stratimorfnye pyrite deposits izvo chokuita graphite shales vatema (Hammaslakti, Vuonos, Outokumpu, uye vamwe), sezvamakaropafadzwa sirivha kugutsikana - magiramu 11 paminiti tani esimbi, goridhe - kusvika imwe giremu pamusoro zingi - 7%, mhangura - 3, 5%, uye pane zvishoma cobalt uye nickel. Ores dziri muminda mafuta wokumaodzanyemba pamusoro kuBaltic Shield, apo, kuwedzera zingi uye vatungamirire yaiva ndarama, mhangura, sirivha, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda.

indasitiri Finland

Mukuru maitiro zvoupfumi mabasa munyika GDP kare muna 1986 yairema mabhiriyoni 357 FIM. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nhamba iri kuramba uye zvishoma nezvishoma kukura. An dzinonakidza chinhu ndechokuti mugodhi indasitiri chakaita kuti chete chegumi chimwe muzana GDP, uye kugadzira indasitiri - anopfuura makumi maviri muzana.

Pasinei kumbonyanya guru matura chicherwa pfuma, huru dzinongoitika fuma idondo anofukidza kudarika hafu yose nyika. Saka, zvose matavi chikuru kuFinnish upfumi vari mubasa kugadzira zvinhu ivavo. Pane matambudziko Finland ine simba, kunyange anotanga zvokutengeserana pokumuka deposits zvokufonongonwa uye emura rinochiwedzera.

Sezvazvakanga zvakaita

Mineral zvinhu vari mune Finland kubva kare, kunyange Finnish ngano (Runes) kuudza resimbi ores. Kunyange kusvikira muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu, kuwedzera ibwe uye simbi, regai kushandisa chinhu. Mining indasitiri mukutonga Swedish muFinland haana yakatanga, nekuti kunyange ubanguranyika uye kunyanya kuti kukura aifanira pachake mvumo Mambo Sweden.

Muzana remakore nemitanhatu vakatanga simbi yangu mhangura uye nguruve simbi uchanyangadika akasarudza chete nemasere, uye zvakanga pedyo artisanal kugadzirwa. Negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore, atova Russia, zviremera zvakatanga kukurudzira uye ubanguranyika uye dzokubudisa pamusoro chicherwa mbishi zvinhu.

Sezvazvakanga zvakaita

Muna 1812, ivo Russian Empire akasikwa ake Finnish muruwa Mines rokutanga, kutungamirira ubanguranyika kuti chicherwa zvinhu zvavo kushandisa. Wokutanga tendero Kulonsuonmyaki akamuka angu dzokubudisa yedare esimbi, uye waibatanidzwa kukura gumi muna 1829 deposits dzakadaro. Nokuda chinokurudzira zviyero kubudisa anenge matatu matani simbi esimbi, uye kukura indasitiri mberi. Kuwedzera kune hombe ehurumende anazvo, vakavhura zvimbambaira duku kupfuura makumi mashanu private apo pesimbi unhu zvikuru muduku core.

Russia akatora simbi uye mhangura basa-mubhadharo, saka kugadzirwa kukura vakapfuura matani makumi mana namasere zviuru 1860. Copper Oriyarvi akatanga kubudisa muna 1832, uye muna 1870, wakatozviitirwa dzakabudirira polymetallic deposits muna Pitkyaranta. Pakazosvika 1895, Finland yakabereka 5.195 matani mhangura, matani 425 kubva netini, anenge masere matani sirivha, uye muna Lapland kutsiva ndikandoshamba goridhe - kusvika makumi mashanu makirogiramu pagore. Akavezwa girenayiti, syenite, izvo zvaishandiswa kwete chete muFinland: zhinji zvivako St. Petersburg vakanga atarisana Finnish ibwe. Nhasi, zvose zvibereko migodhi maindasitiri muFinland kunokosha kupfuura mabhiriyoni euros pagore, iyo pamusana huripo emakambani vanenge makumi mashanu.