Ndeipi kondinendi Kumaodzanyemba munyika

Kana ukabvunza zana vanhu: "Chii kondinendi Kumaodzanyemba panyika", kurudyi, nhamo, kukwanisa kupindura kwete vose. Kubvisa chero kusava nechokwadi nevaya vasingazivi mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu, mumwe kuchengetedza kamwe, kuti kondinendi Kumaodzanyemba ndiye Antarctica. Chakazarurwa nokuda kupfuura uno makondinendi paNyika.

In kundotsvaka Antarctica

The geographers vekare uye vaishanya vaifungira kuti kumaodzanyemba hemisphere anofanira kuva kondinendi kukuru. Panguva yake kutsvaka Australia rakawanikwa iyo refu zvakurukurwa chikamu kondinendi iri. Gare gare, akanga vakajairana chitsuwa pedyo Antarctica. Long buri raro vasati kuisa mberi hypotheses zhinji nezvokuvapo imwe nyika South. Kuti kuiwana akatuma nzendo dzakawanda, izvo zvinogona chete kuziva zvitsuwa makuru pasi kondinendi, asi yakaoma kwenguva refu kugona kuwana. Kudzidza New Zealand James Cook akawanikwa kuti haisi fungidziro rezvitsuwa wokumaodzanyemba kondinendi.

The kondinendi Kumaodzanyemba munyika akazarura Russian rwendo inotungamirwa F. F.Bellinsgauzena January 28, 1820. Muna 1831-33, Chirungu aiongorora George. Biscoe nechikepe kumativi Antarctica. Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 chaienda kuna Antarctica akatangazve nokuda kuwedzera zvinodiwa whaling. Pakupera ari XIX remakore kumahombekombe huru echando aiyangarara dzakawanda dzakaitwa: Norwegian, wokuScotland uye yeBelgium.

Mumakore 1898-99 Borchgrevink aipedza yechando rokutanga kumaodzanyemba yakaoma (Cape Adare). Panguva iyi, akakwanisa kuongorora ekunze uye yegungwa. Akabva vakasarudza kutamira kure negungwa kuongorora mamiriro ayo.

Huro remakore rechi20

Muzana remakore rechi20, kudzidzwa coldest pakona nyika mberi. Muna 1901-04 chokuenda kumaodzanyemba kondinendi (Photo paunogona kuona zvakajeka pazasi) chinoitwa R. Scott. chikepe chake "Kuwanika" kwasvika pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa Ross. Somugumisiro kunorwa Peninsula Edward uye Ross Ice yakavhurwa. Scott aikwanisawo kuunganidza umboo pamusoro zvemaumbirwo, zvicherwa, kasvisto uye Fauna of Antarctica.

Mumakore 1907-09 ari Chirungu mupanguri Shackleton aida kuwana pamusoro Sled kuna South Pole, achivhurira nzira imwe mazizaya kupfuura - Beardmore Glacier. Asi nekuda mugumisiro rufu imbwa Sled uye ponies aifanira kudzoka asati asvika danda 178? Km.

Wokutanga uyo akakwanisa kusvika South Pole, aiva Norwegian polar aiongorora R. Amundsen (December 1911). Just papera mwedzi kuna North Pole akasvika boka rinotungamirirwa Scott. Zvisinei, munzira shure, asati asvika 18 km kumusasa kwavaiwanzogara, kunorwa nesimba rizere vakaparara. miviri yavo uye diaries vakawana 8 chete pemwedzi.

nomupiro Great kuti adzidze Antarctica akaita wokuAustralia geologist D. Mawson, iye vakanyora mamiriro ayo 200 nenzvimbo zvinhu (nyika, Princess Elizabeth, Queen Mary, Mac Robertson nevamwe).

Muna 1928, kuti kondinendi Kumaodzanyemba munyika nendege, akashanyira American polar aiongorora uye mutyairi R. Baird. Kubva 1928 kusvika 1947, pasi utungamiriri hwake 4 nzendo rwaiitwa, izvo zvakazoita mabasa ari seismological, Geological uye zvimwe zvidzidzo. Masayendisiti uyewo yakawanikwa Antarctica yakakura deposits kuti marasha.

tsvakurudzo dzemapurisa

Mumakore 40-50 ari kondinendi nechando vari kutanga kusika munhu kutsvakurudza yemapurisa uye muzinda Coastal Research. Munguva iyi akanga 60 nhepfenyuro yakavakirwa kuti muri nyika 11.

Kubvira mukupera '50s mumakungwa kuti kugeza yakaoma, aishingaira kuitisa Oceanic basa, kunze geophysical kuongorora pamusoro Continental mira pazviteshi, aiitisa pakundopambara kure negungwa. Muna 1959 zvakanzi asaina dzakawanda chibvumirano musi Antarctica, izvo chave kudzidza chando kondinendi. Muna 1965 ndipo yakavhurwa "Mirny" Soviet Observatory. At chinhambwe 1400? Km kubva kumhenderekedzo rayakavambwa mumwe tsvakurudzo chiteshi USSR - "East". "Lazarev", "Novolazarevskaya", "Komsomolskaya" kubvisa 88.3 C, uye paavhareji August tembiricha munzvimbo iyi, minus 71 C. Gare gare Antarctica wokumaodzanyemba kondinendi Soviet kukasawedzerwa nhepfenyuro akawanda - kuti zvinyorwa pasi tembiricha hwakanyorwa munzvimbo yacho chechitima , "Leningrad", "Youth." Zvino, pamusoro coldest danda pagore akatuma siyana nzendo.

Zvinoitwa kondinendi

Coldest kondinendi nhema zvachose kumaodzanyemba nharaunda, inonzi Antarctic (kubva muchiGiriki "Anti" rinoreva "pamusoro"), kureva, kuzorwa kwazvo kuchamhembe nzvimbo Nyika - kweArctic.

Iro kondinendi ane Coordinates? The kondinendi Kumaodzanyemba iri 48-60 madhigirii Yu.Sh. nharaunda yayo ice echiShinto - 13 975 000 akaenzana mamita. m. SIZE ndima chete Continental kudzika 16.355 ba. m. M. The akawanda kuchamhembe muromo - Cape Sifre, zviri refu kwazvo uye yakatetepa, Munotatamura kubva achitungamirirwa South America.

yakaoma Center iri conventionally kunzi "danda kubva inaccessibility", riri pamusoro 660? km kubva South Pole. Kureba nemhenderekedzo -. 30 thous Km.

rubatsiro

Tichidzidza yacho inotonhora zvizere. The kondinendi Kumaodzanyemba iri kuva zvikamu zviviri: mudzi chando. Dzokumaruwa pakati Antarctica inogarwa glacial rwenze kuti anoenda kubva kumucheto huru iri flat, uye ipapo ari zvinyoronyoro undulating materu. Kwakaoma zvikuru munzvimbo yakashata pamusoro kumahombekombe zones: vari humwewo nzvimbo chando pepa pamwe makatsemuka uye mapani yakakura echando echiShinto yauri kuona ice nguwani. Antarctica - hazvisi chete chinonyanya wokumaodzanyemba kondinendi enyika, asi chikuru. Avhareji kureba pamusoro - 2040 m, riri kusvika katatu kupfuura avhareji kukwirira mamwe makondinendi.

Kusiyana kwakaita nzvimbo yacho akaona Eastern uye Western chikamu kondinendi. East Antarctica - zviri chando jira, rinokwira steeply kubva kumhenderekedzo uye kure negungwa zvinova pachena. Nechepakati chinhu rwenze kuti tisvike 4000 m, riri kuonekwa aizi kamura. In West Antarctica zvitatu glaciation centre ine kukwirira 2.5 zviuru. Mamita. Mhenderekedzo atambanudza mubani echando echiShinto. The soro makomo: Kerpatrik (4530 m) uye Sentinel (5140 m).

zvicherwa

Unoda kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro yakaoma? The kondinendi Kumaodzanyemba akapfuma deposits esimbi esimbi, marasha, graphite, dombo rekristaro, ndarama, uranium exchange, mhangura, Mika, sirivha. Zvisinei, kuti aite migodhi akavhiyiwa kwakaoma nokuti simba echando pepa. Asi chero zvakadaro Antarctic subsoil tarisiro yakakwirira kwazvo.

Climate

Okunze kunotonhora kondinendi polar uye Continental. Pasinei nokuti polar usiku Antarctica kunotora inoverengeka, negore zvachose dose nemwaranzi ndiko kunova akaenzana nemwaranzi parameters iri Equatorial mapazi.

Chii kondinendi Kumaodzanyemba, tiri kuwana. Asi pasinei kwayo nzvimbo iri kumaodzanyemba hemisphere, zviri pano kuti pane danda nokutonhorera panyika. Muna 1960, "Vostok" chiteshi hwakanyorwa tembiricha - 88,3 C. The paavhareji yechando tembiricha - kubva - 60 C kuti - 70 C, uye muzhizha - kubva -30 C kusvika -50 C. Pedyo romumhenderekedzo yegungwa lämpömittari kumbobvira rinobuda pamusoro 10-12 inegumi. In yechando pamahombekombe anenge - 8 C. The chando mhepo vakawanda vari pfungwa nechepakati mudunhu Antarctica, kusika katabatic mhepo, vari nemhenderekedzo tisvike yakakwirira kwazvo aimhanya, kazhinji ivo kunyange kurichinja kuva dutu. Precipitation kunoitika kashoma uye chete muchimiro chando. Humidity - kwete kupfuura 5%.

Flora uye fauna of

Rakaratidza kuti makore akawanda akapfuura panzvimbo ino haana yechando husingaperi. Zvakanga noushamwari, uye nzizi uye madhamu regai -oma. Zvisinei, zvino, nemiti uye fauna of munharaunda iyi zvakasiyana-siyana kwazvo. Zvinomera Antarctica - a lichen, mutema-mutema algae uye mosses. Mhuka pano zvinowanikwa mapapiro tumbuyu, Freshwater hove, pano mhuka. In mumhenderekedzo yegungwa nzvimbo, nesting PENGUIN, skuas, petrels, uye vanogara mugungwa ingwe zvisimbiso uye zvisimbiso.

South America

Kana uchitenda kuti South America - kumaodzanyemba chaimo, ipapo muri zvakaipa. It riri muna Southern uye kuNorthern Hemisphere. The kondinendi zvakabatana North America kubudikidza muIsthmus Panama, kumabvazuva nenzira yeAtlantic Ocean uye kumavirira - yePacific. nharaunda yayo - mamiriyoni 17.8 mativi mamita. ? km. (The wechina Kudeuka kondinendi). It anopindura 13% yenyika. Kureba South America kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba - 7350 km kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira - vanenge 4900? Km.

The kondinendi iri muzvikamu 6 tsaukana munzvimbo:

1. EAndes gomo system (anofambisa rose pakureba kumadokero kwemhenderekedzo).
2. Brazilian uye Guiana dzakakwirira
3. Pool Orinoco (yakaderera-kunyepa mugove pakati Guiana rwenze uye Venezuelan eAndes).
4. Amazon nebani (kunosvika kubva mezvikomo eAndes kusvika Atlantic Ocean).
5. Pamapani Paraguay, Bolivia uye Pampa Chaco.
6. Patagonia rwenze.

The Kudeuka uye kupfuura vazhinji muguta South America: Santiago, Buenos Aires, Lima, Sao Paulo, Bogota, Rio de Janeiro, reCaracas.

map apfuura

Chii wokumaodzanyemba kondinendi kwenguva refu wakarwira rusununguko rwavo nguva? Muzana remakore rechi16, South America akanga nyuchi nokuda vokuSpain. The Dutch, chiPutukezi, Britain yaiva kushingaira kunyanya chete kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Kwenguva refu, mugove kondinendi cheshumba aiva mhiri kwemakungwa ndima Spanish Empire. Une kubva Spanish protectorate zvakaitika kwezana remakore rechi19 somugumisiro ropa hondo rusununguko. In ethnically South America mubatanidzwa wenyika Indian vakawanda, chiSpanish, mamwe marudzi European uye North America.

Vazhinji rinoti dziri pamusoro yakaoma, vanoonekwa ne simba zvoupfumi. Zvisinei, vamwe vavo vari kuzivikanwa nemasimba simba maindasitiri.

Australia

South Mainland Australia anenge 5% of panyika. Kufanana Antarctica, zviri zvachose muna Southern Hemisphere. Unowanzonzi "kondinendi girini". Area yakaoma - 7.659.861 ba. ? km. It pakugadzwa kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba - 3700 km uye kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira - vanenge 4000? Km. Nemhenderekedzo - 35 877? Km. Mhenderekedzo of kondinendi nani gogonera. Chinonyanya MAKOMO nzvimbo - Southern uye kuchamhembe kwemhenderekedzo.

Australia okumavirira nokuda Indian uye Pacific nyanza, uyewo gungwa: Tasman, Coral uye Timor. Kwete kure yakaoma ndiyo chitsuwa Tasmania, uyewo pachitsuwa New Guinea. At kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo ibhuku rakasiyana Great Chipingamupinyi Dzedu Dziri (a akatevedzana nekorari kumboongororwa nezvitsuwa, kureba 2300 km). Pakati nemahombekombe Australia uye Chipingamupinyi Dzedu Dziri ndiye anonzi Big the lagoon, aine kudzika 100 m, zvinonzi zvakanaka kudzivirirwa kubva munyanza mafungu.

mamiriro okunze

Zvino ngatitarise okunze pakati kumaodzanyemba makondinendi, uye ari kuitika Australia. Anenge matatu-mumativi mundima yayo inogarwa mumarenje uye Semi-mumarenje. Northern nzvimbo dziri dzinopisa, kumaodzanyemba-dzokumadokero chikamu reMediterranean ekunze, uye mune uye pachitsuwa Tasmania rwezasi-mabvazuva - usinganyanyi.

Ko isu tine pano pakupedzisira? Chii kondinendi Kumaodzanyemba? Zvino unogona zvakanaka kutaura kuti kunotonhora uye chisingasvikiki Antarctica. Australia, zvakare, zvachose muna Southern Hemisphere, asi daro kubva kondinendi kusvika kondinendi nechando ari zviuru zvakawanda makiromita.