The samolecular uremu dzedenga - kutsunga

The samolecular uremu akaratidza sezvo Verengai nemhomho maatomu zviri morekuru zviri pfuma. Kazhinji runoratidzwa amu (mabhomba vakawanda anokwana zviyero), dzimwe nguva anonziwo Da uye inoratidzwa D. For 1 amu nhasi kushandisa 1/12 uremu C ¹² kabhoni maatomu, muzvikamu nevazhinji zvakaenzana ^1,66057.10 -27 makirogiramu.

Saka, maatomu guru rehydrogen akaenzana 1, zvinoratidza kuti rehydrogen atomu ari ¹ H 12 C nguva ¹² nyore kabhoni maatomu. Vachiwedzera kuti samolecular uremu zvemakemikari remubatanidzwa pamusoro ^1,66057.10 -27 kuwana samolecular uremu anokoshesa makirogiramu.

In tsika Zvisinei, vane yamunenge nokukura dumbu = M / D, apo M - samolecular uremu zvakafanana uremu vezvikwata sezvo D. The samolecular guru okisijeni, runoratidzwa kabhoni zviumbu ndiyo 16 X 2 = 32 (diatomic okisijeni Morekuru) . Saizvozvowo, munguva makemikari Masvomhu uye akaverenga samolecular guru dzimwe yeimwe. The samolecular guru rehydrogen, riri rimwe diatomic Morekuru akaenzana, ukuwo, 2 x 1 = 2.

Molecular uremu - anozivikanwa avhareji guru pamusoro Morekuru zvinoita kuti isotopic Kuronga zvinhu izvo zvinoumba makemikari. zvazvingava Izvi zvinogona kuzivikanwa kuti musanganiswa anoverengeka zvinhu vane sezvamunoita anozivikanwa. Kunyanya, samolecular guru mhepo kunogona kutorwa akaenzana 29.

Pakutanga kemisitiri taishandisa pfungwa nhuta. Nhasi pfungwa iyi kuchatsiviwa mol - uwandu yamarudzi dzine dzinoverengeka nezvimedu (mamorekuru, maatomu, ions) akaenzana Avogadro chenguva (6.022 × 10 ^23). Kusvikira nhasi, zviri rakagara richidudzirwa akashandisa shoko rokuti "matadza (samolecular) uremu." Asi, mukusiyana kuti uremu, iyo kunobva nenzvimbo Coordonatele, uremu - ari kugara parameter, saka zvose zvakafanana zvakanyanya yakarurama kushandisa ichi izwi.

Molecular guru mhepo sezvo mamwe magasi kuwanikwe kushandisa mutemo Avogadro vake. mutemo uyu rinoti pasi dzakafanana ezvinhu mune dzakafanana zvemaBhaibheri magasi kuuya chete nhamba mamorekuru. Somugumisiro, pasi vamwe tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa mol gasi kuchaita kutora vhoriyamu chete. Sezvo izvi zvinoitwa kunoparirwa kuti mutemo akanaka magasi mol gasi rine 6.022 X ^{23 October} mamorekuru zvinotora pa 0 ° C uye 1 mhepo kufurirwa uye bhuku 22.414 litres.

Molecular guru mhepo kana zvimwe gaseous zvinhu zviri sezvinotevera. Hunodzorwa mukanyiwa munhu anozivikanwa Vhoriyamu gasi pane imwe kumanikidzwa uye tembiricha. Zvadaro vari kugadziriswa nokuti asiri ideality pakati chaidzo gasi uye kushandisa Clapeyron mukana wokuti vanhu vanga PV = RT rakapiwa vhoriyamu kufurirwa ezvinhu 1 chadenga uye 0 ° C. Zvino, nokuziva vhoriyamu uye mukanyiwa pasi izvi ezvinhu ive yakanaka gasi, zviri nyore kuti kuverenga kurema 22,414 litres uye bvunzo gasi kwemarudzi ndiko kuti, ayo samolecular uremu. Saka uye vakatsunga samolecular guru mhepo.

Nzira iyi inopa akarurama chaizvo samolecular uremu tsika, izvo dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa kunyange kutsunga maatomu negurumwandira makemikari. Nokuti ine Zvinofungidzirwa pamusoro samolecular kurema gasi kwakunoitwa vaiona yakanaka, uye kuzombotaurazve kugadziridzwa haina kuitwa.

nzira The pamusoro rinowanzoshandiswa Pakusarudza samolecular kurema kugadzikana mvura.