Mabhomba guru: whimsical mapatani

All siyana zviripo zvinhu imhaka mubatanidzwa dzakasiyana siyana maatomu. Zvakangoitikawo kuti marudzi aya kwemaatomu - zvishoma kupfuura nhasi ane zana. Asi ivo - vakomana zvikuru capricious, uye ikashandiswa pamwe chete kwete nemitemo combinatorics, uye maererano nemitemo kemisitiri. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhamba vamiririri hwakakura kwazvo, riri kukura. Asi uwandu anozivikanwa zvine maatomu akafanana anenge makawedzera. Mumwe nomumwe kunoshamisa uye ane "Mufananidzo" vayo. Uye chikuru chepfungwa ose ichocho - mabhomba uremu.

The chairema uremu - nhamba iri dikisa. Hapana mhando rinowanikwa kwemaatomu ari Zvakanakisa wakanyatsokodzera kuva mumiriri kuti kuva chairema uremu (asi dzepedyo waiva chiedza rehydrogen). Somugumisiro, masayendisiti vakasarudza kutora nyore kuverenga nhamba - mumwe-regumi namaviri mhedziso guru ane ichocho zvakadai sekabhoni. It Vakawana kuti nhamba yakanaka chaizvo anotaurawo nhamba umo emaatomu ezvinhu okunze vari nomumwe. Saka, maatomu vakawanda chikwata zvakazivikanwa kuti vakawanda vashomashoma papi, ichi chinhu chiduku mufananidzo "gumi kusvika simba kubvisa maviri namanomwe."

Zviri pachena kuti kushandisa nhamba yakadaro ndiyo dzamira. Unonzwisisa kuti Masvomhu kwose kwose anodhonzera kubvisa maviri namanomwe dhigirii kwete kubva ruoko, uye somugumisiro nhamba zvingava zvakafanana kusagadzikana, yainetsa. Zvokuita? Kushandisa chikwata akadai hama mabhomba guru maatomu akafanana. Chii? Zvose zvinoitwa zvikuru nyore - akatorwa Mhedziso mabhomba guru (nhamba kusagadzikana chaizvo, rinenge chete pamwero kunaka), rakakamurwa edu-wegumi nomumwe guru kabhoni. Saka chii? Ndizvozvo, ukuru akaderedzwa uye vakawana zvikuru yekutenga nhamba. Somuenzaniso, gumi okisijeni atomu, gumi nemana - nokuti senitrogen. Carbon, zvine musoro, vaizova guru nembiri. A rehydrogen mabhomba uremu - mumwe, asi kwete chaizvo uya zvinoratidza kuti havasi rehydrogen zvose akatorwa nokuda Masvomhu, kunyange nhamba chaizvo pedyo kwayo uremu.

Zvino nei hama mabhomba guru rimwe ichocho - nhamba haisi chaizvo inonakidza, asiri integer? The ndechokuti okunze, kunyange ari mhando maatomu mukati rudzi anogona kuuya "kusiyana". Vamwe vavo dzinotsauka, nyore, mumwe nyore chaizvo kuti nomuzvarirwo richaparara. Asi kwekanguva ipapo, saka havagoni kungosiyiwa. Kazhinji, uye yose chimiro yakatsiga Kufananidzira zvinosanganisira subtypes nedzimwe mabhomba guru. Ndivo vakadanwa isotopes. Izvi anoshandura kuti anogara foni aizivikanwa tafura ose wechikoro - hongu, iwe wafungidzira zvakanaka periodic table.

Asi ndiye mabhomba guru pamusoro chinhu chinoita kuti maatomu akafanana? Kwete napaduku, asi chinhu chiri dzinoratidzwa zvikuru unokosha nhamba protons vari musimboti. Pano zvingava fractional uye rinoratidza yakanaka mutariri musimboti. The "vakanyarara" pamusoro maerekitironi ane atomu sekuda protons ari musimboti, uye saka pamusoro atomu iri electrically kwazvakarerekera. Maererano nokuchengeta pakati nuclei kwemaatomu , uye vari yakarongwa kutevedzana mu periodic table, asi avo uremu dzimwe nguva vasingateereri mutemo uyu. Naizvozvo, pane-kunze apo kwakanyanya atomu inomira pamberi tafura kutevedzana. Zvakanaka, nokuti mhosva kungovimba isotopes. Nature "dzaida" rinorema isotopes aiva mugove chinhu ichi. Asi hama mabhomba guru anofumura zvinoenderana nokuwanda isotopes siyana. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kana hunhu yakareba kwakanyanya isotopes - mabhomba guru huchava, kana zvimwe chiedza - zviri zvishoma. Uye zvisinganzwisisiki periodic hurongwa.

Kutaura zvazviri, akati maatomu guru mashomanana nyore. Pane chakadzama uye zvakakomba mitemo pamusoro periodic table. Asi ivo vanoda yoga nyaya, zvichida tichadzoka kuongorora navo pashure Muverengi anodiwa.