Helsinki urongwa. Helsinki Kunoenderana

Muna October 1964, Soviet Union yakachinja utariri kwayo. Kubatana mugovanisi mumusasa yakatyoka, ukama huri pakati East uye West vakanga chaizvo mokudambura nekuda Cuban chombo dambudziko. Mukuwedzera, dambudziko German yakaramba unsolved, riri chaizvo hanya utungamiriri USSR. In ezvinhu aya, Newest nhoroondo Hurumende yeSoviet. Zvisarudzo wokurera ari XXIII Congress of CPSU muna 1966, akasimbisa muganhu zvikuru dzika wokumwe negwaro. Peaceful co-kuvapo semaonero ichi pasi kuti qualitatively yakasiyana kuitika kusimbisa mugovanisi hwechiFascist, achisimbisa yokubatana pakati National Liberation kufamba uye proletariat.

Kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu

Kudzorerwa kwakakwana rokudzora mugovanisi mumusasa akanga rakaoma nokuda nokunetsana pamwe China uye Cuba. Matambudziko akauya zviitiko muCzechoslovakia. In June 1967 imomo pamusoro bato utungamiri ari pachena Writers Congress. Zvadaro akatanga hombe mudzidzi kuramwa uye mienzaniso. Somugumisiro, inoponesa kushorwa Novotny Dubcek aifanira kusiya hutungamiri bato muna 1968. The itsva bhodhi asarudza kubata nhevedzano zvinhu. Zvikurukuru, zvakatanga rusununguko rwokutaura, ari HR Committee akabvuma abate makwikwi sarudzo vatungamiriri. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu yapera nechisimba 5 States mapato ari Warsaw chibvumirano. Kudzvinyirira mufaro haana kubudirira pakarepo. Izvi vakamanikidza utungamiri Soviet kubvisa Dubcek neshamwari dzake, vachikanda panotangira webato Husak. Saka akadana rave chinozoiswa muenzaniso Czechoslovakia dzidziso Brezhnev nheyo "parinogumira uchangamire". Kudzvinyirira kuti kuchinja kuti modernize nyika akamira kwemakore anenge 20. Muna 1970, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akaoma uye muPoland. Matambudziko vakasonganira kuwedzera mitengo, akakonzera hombe kumukira vashandi vari reBaltic zvengarava. Mumakore akatevera, mamiriro ezvinhu haana kuva nani, kuti amurove mberi. Mutungamiri mhirizhonga raiva basa mubatanidzwa "kubatana", iro akatungamirirwa zvaakawanda Walesa. Utungamiriri Soviet haana kuda kutumira mauto, uye "normalization" ezvinhu akapiwa kuti majini. Jaruzelski. December 13, 1981, iye vakaisa mutemo wechiuto muPoland.

detente

Mukutanga 70-ies. ukama pakati East uye West achinja zvikuru. Gakava vakatanga kuneta. Zvakawanda izvi zvakafanira kuita zvechiuto parity pakati USSR uye US, East uye West. In wokutanga Danho akasimbisa kufarira pamwe pakati Soviet Union uye France, uye ipapo - kubva Germany. Pakutanga kwezana 60-70-ies. Utungamiri Soviet akatanga vanoshingaira kushandisa idzva dzimwe nehurumende. anokosha mbuva aro rakanyora Peace Program, iyo rakagamuchirwa panguva XXIV Congress of Party. Anokosha pfungwa kunofanira Saka kunzi yokuti kunyange West kana USSR haana akaramba pasi mutemo uyu maoko rudzi. Saka yose muitiro awana yakabudirira framework. Nhoroondo kuchangobva ukama pakati West uye East yakatanga chinokosha kuwedzera nzvimbo pamwe, kunyanya Soviet-American. Uyewo, muukama pakati USSR uye Federal Republic of Germany uye France. Last muna 1966 akabva NATO, waiva zvechokwadi kushingaira pamwe.

dambudziko German

Nokuti mvumo USSR aitarisira kuwana rubatsiro kubva murevereri kuFrance. Zvisinei, hazvina zvaida, sezvo chanzera vakava Social Democrat Willy Brandt. Musimboti zvaaiitira ndechokuti kwemapazi muGermany asisiri akaita sechinhu chinodiwa kuti pakagadzwa ukama pakati East uye West. It Akamboramba kune ramangwana nguva sechinhu chinokosha chinangwa multilateral Nhaurirano. Nemhaka iyi asaina Chibvumirano Moscow August 12, 1970 Maererano naye, mapato vakaedzawo kuremekedza kuvimbika dzose Europe sevamwe vavo of facto miganhu. Germany, kunyanya, akaziva vokumadokero miganhu kwePoland. Uye zvinoenderana GDR. Idanho rinokosha aiva kusaina wokuwa 1971 quadripartite chibvumirano musi West. Berlin. chibvumirano ichi rinosimbisa invalidity zvematongerwo uye miganhu maruramiro naye Federal Republic of Germany. Raiva kukunda nemhedziso USSR, sezvo vose ezvinhu umo Soviet Union vakasimbirira kubva 1945 vakanga

Tinyatsonzwisisa America kwakaita nzvimbo

Hazvina zvakanaka zviitiko akabvumira utungamiri Soviet kusimbisa pfungwa kuti munyika dzakawanda munhandare yaiva yakakura kuchinja pachiyero mauto muchifarira Soviet Union. Uye mugovanisi inoti. Chinzvimbo America uye imperialist bloc dzaongororwa Moscow se "simba". chivimbo ichi waibva zvinoverengeka pamusoro. Chinokosha ezvinhu ndiwo simba tirambe National wokusunungurwa sangano, uye kuti vabudirire inokosha parity pamwe United States muna 1969 nhamba zvenyukireya warheads. Maererano neizvi, inogona mhando zvombo uye kuvandudzika dzavo, maererano pfungwa yevatungamiriri Soviet, akashanda se chinhu chinokosha kurwira rugare.

Munyu Munyu 1 uye 2

Kudiwa kusvika parity akapa Topical nyaya iri bilateral maoko kukamurwa, kunyanya intercontinental ballistic zvombo. Zvikuru munyika iyi yaiva Nixon kushanya kune zvokungoitawo Agreement yakanga yakasainwa muMoscow muchirimo 1972 musi May 26 kutsanangura zvinhu matanho pamusoro Strategic Arms. chibvumirano ichi kunonzi munyu-1. Akanga asungirwa 5 years. The chibvumirano rinongotaura uwandu intercontinental ballistic zvombo United States neSoviet Union, tabva Ngarava dzepasi pemvura. Zvinogamuchirwa siyana nokuti Soviet Union akanga achiatapudzira sezvo America aiva zvombo, akatakura warhead multiple okunze. Pamwe mari iyi muripo pachayo haina waiti ari chibvumirano. Izvi zvaiita, pasina kutyora chibvumirano, kuti vabudirire yaitsigira divi zvinobatsira munzvimbo iyi. Munyu-1, zvokuti haana kurega maoko nhangemutange. Paumbwe ezvinhu zvibvumirano mberi muna 1974 na L. Brezhnev uye George. Ford akakwanisa kubvumirana pane mashoko matsva Strategic Arms Limitation. The kusaina roMunyu-2 chibvumirano chinozoiswa muna 77 fung gore. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuitika nokuda pakusikwa United States "rwendo chombo" - zvombo zvitsva. America ave categorically akaramba kufunga zvakaenzana miganhu. Muna 1979, chibvumirano akanga zvisinei chasainwa Brezhnev uye Carter, asi US Congress akanga asina chagamuchirwa kusvikira 1989

Zvakabuda mutemo detente

Mumakore ose Implementation the World Program hombe mberi co-kushanda pakati East uye West kunge kubudirira. Zvachose Vhoriyamu wezvokutengeserana turnover yakawedzera 5 nguva, uye Soviet-American - pamwe 8. nzira chaifanira wakasainwa pamwe nemakambani Western makuru zvibvumirano kuti kutenga zvigadzirwa kana kuvakwa zvinomera. Sezvo kwezana 60-70-ies. pasi chibvumirano rokuItari dzesangano "Fiat" akasikwa ari wha. Asi chiitiko ichi kazhinji vanogona kunzi kune anosiyiwa pane mutemo. Zvirongwa International vakawanda unongoshanda kukodzera nhume nzendo. Kupinzwa vemamwe michina yakaitwa musi chisina pamuviri zano. On pamwe here zvibereko kukanganisa administrative uye bureaucratic zvipingamupinyi. Somugumisiro, makondirakiti vazhinji havana mhosva tarisiro.

Helsinki kwacho 1975

Zvisinei, Detente pakati East uye West, ndiye muchero. Iye vabvumirwe kuungana kuti Conference musi Security uye Cooperation mu Europe. Wokutanga kubvunza kwakaitika muna 1972-1973 gg. Countries kuti vava CSCE, aiva Finland. Helsinki (guta guru racho state) rakava muzinda kukurukurwa international ezvinhu. Pakutanga kubvunza yakanga wakapindwa vashumiri vatorwa. Wokutanga danho kwakaitika kubvira 3 kusvika 7 July 1973. Vakatozodzokera chinotevera ose Geneva hurukuro yaiva. Danho rechipiri akatora nzvimbo kubva 18.09.1973 kusvikira 21.07.1975, iye akafunga Tours wandei inogara 3-6 mwedzi. Ivo vakaperekedza Nhaurirano, vamiririri uye nyanzvi nominated nokuita nyika. In chechipiri chokutambudzika yakanga kukura kwaizotevera kufarirwa zvibvumirwano pamusoro mukuru musangano wenyaya zvinhu. Platform rechitatu kumativi rakatanga zvakare Finland. Helsinki akatora mukuru hurumende nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika.

negotiators

The Helsinki Kunoenderana vakanga zvakurukurwa:

• Gene. Munyori wacho CPSU Central Committee Leonid Brezhnev.
• President of America George. Ford.
• Federal chanzera Helmut Schmidt.
• Purezidhendi weFrance Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
• British Prime Minister Wilson.
• Mutungamiri Husak of Czechoslovakia.
• First Munyori But, Honecker.
• Zhivkov Sachigaro of State Council.
• First Munyori Central Committee of Hungarian Socialist Workers Kadar nevamwe.

nokuti Security uye Cooperation muEurope rakaitwa ne kutora chikamu vamiririri venyika 35, uyo pakati vaiva machinda muCanada neUnited States.

akagamuchira mapepa

The Helsinki Declaration akabvumirwa nokuda kubatanidzwa nyika. Maererano naye, akati:

• The inviolability wehurumende miganhu.
• Mutual asiri kushandiswa simba pakugadzirisa kusawirirana.
• Non-chipingaidzo munyaya dzomunyika yose States Mapato.
• Kuremekedzwa kwekodzero dzavanhu nezvimwe zvokudya.

Uyezve, vakuru nenhume akasaina Helsinki Kunoenderana. Yaiva chibvumirano kuurayiwa hwose. Huru mirayiridzo avata pasi gwaro vaiva:

1. Security mu Europe.
2. Pamwe mune dzezvoupfumi, zvigadzirwa, ikoroji, sainzi.
3. Pamwe mune dzavanhu uye nedzimwe nzvimbo.
4. Uyezve zviito zvichitevera CSCE.

Key misimboti

muEurope Final Act musi Security uye Cooperation inosanganisira 10 zvepamusoro, sezvakarehwa tsanangudzo dzemunharaunda ose kudyidzana:

1. Changamire nekuenzana.
2. Kushandisa simba kana kutyiswa kushandiswa kwayo.
3. Kuremekedza changamire kodzero.
4. The miganhu kuvimbika.
5. inviolability pamiganhu.
6. Kuremekedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko.
7. Non-kuvhiringidzwa mubasa revadzidzi zvematongerwo enyika.
8. Kuenzana kodzero dzavanhu uye avo orudyi kudzora zvinozoitika muupenyu hwavo pachavo.
9. The kudyidzana pakati penyika mbiri.
10. Zvaidiwa dzakawanda mitoro.

The Helsinki Final Act akashanda sechivimbiso pamutemo uye inviolability kuti pashure pehondo miganhu. Zvaiva nani munzvimbo dzose USSR rokutanga. Uyewo, Helsinki muitiro anobvumirwa kuzoumba uye anoshanda kune vose nhengo inoti zvinosungirwa kuremekedzwa zvizere kwekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko.

Short-izwi zvinokonzerwa

Ndezvipi tarisiro akavhura Helsinki muitiro? musi Its runoonekwa vezvakaitika kare apogee kuti detente mune dzakawanda munhandare. USSR zvikuru kuziva mubvunzo pashure pehondo miganhu. Nokuti utungamiriri Soviet yaikosha kuti vabudirire kuziva inviolability pakati pashure pehondo pamiganhu uye miganhu kuvimbika kunyika, izvo zvaireva kuti yemarudzi repamutemo nenzvimbo pakati kuitika kuEastern Europe. izvi zvose zvakaitika pasi nekuyanana. Nyaya dzevanhu - dambudziko, aifarira nyika dzokuMadokero, vakapinda Helsinki muitiro. Gore CSCE rakava pokutangira kukura pakati dissident kufamba muSoviet Union. International nomutemo kunyorerana kuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu akabatsira nokuparura mushandirapamwe muvadzivirire muSoviet Union, riri basa panguva iyoyo vakaita Western inoti.

dzinonakidza chokwadi

Zvinonzi muna 1973 rakaitirwa vakaparadzana hurukuro pakati vamiririri nhengo kunyika ari Warsaw chibvumirano uye NATO. Ini vakakurukura nyaya maoko rutapudzo. Asi zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti vabudirire kutarisirwa kubudirira. Izvi zvakanga nokuda vakaoma pezvaaitsigira of Warsaw chibvumirano rinoti, izvo rakapfuura mhando NATO kwakaita kwakajairika zvombo uye havana kuda akadzidambura.

Military-Strategic nechiyero

Helsinki muitiro yakaguma nzwisisa. Mushure kusaina yokupedzisira gwaro iri USSR akatanga kunzwa muridzi uye rikatanga muCzechoslovakia uye East Germany SS-20 zvombo vari unosvikirwa siyana. Limitation vavo havana kupa munyu zvibvumirano. Senzira mushandirapamwe zvainanga kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, imwe nokukurumidza mune Western munyika mushure Helsinki muitiro yapera, nzvimbo Soviet Union chave oma chaizvo. Nokudaro, United States atora wandei mhinduro. Aramba tsigira munyu-2 pakutanga pakati 80s. America akaisa zvombo ( "Pershing" uye "Cruise") muWestern Europe. Vaikwanisa kusvika munharaunda USSR. Somugumisiro, iye akasimbisa muchiuto-inokosha nengaidzo pakati zvidhinha.

Dalnesrochnye migumisiro

Maoko nhangemutange iri rinoitei zvikuru rakaipa pamusoro zvoupfumi ezvinhu munyika, ane uto-maindasitiri wezwi haisi ipfupi. Parity pamwe US asvika Helsinki muitiro asati atanga, hanya zvikurukuru intercontinental ballistic zvombo. Kubvira mukupera 70-ies. mukuru dambudziko rakatanga kutora ayo kwevarimi mupomerwi Mazinga. USSR zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga lag kuti dzimwe mhando zvombo. Yakaratidza mushure chitarisiko America "rwendo zvombo". Zvakava zvizhinji pachena lag pashure kutanga kugadzira purogiramu "Strategic Defense Initiative" muUnited States.