Gerbert Guver (Herbert Clark Hoover), 31 fung President of United States: Biography, upenyu pachake, political basa

Future US President Gerbert Guver akaberekwa musi August 10, 1874 mu West Branch. Vabereki vake vaiva Quakers kubva kudunhu Iowa pamwe nemidzi German. baba vomukomana vakatengesa purazi michina uye aishanda ari mhizha. Akafa apo Herbert aiva nemakore 6 chete okuberekwa. Amai vakafa mune mamwe makore 4. Kuramba ane mukomana nherera vakatamira sekuru vake Oregon. Muna 1891, wechiduku Hoover vakapinda avaida akazarurwa Stanford University. By basa aiva mugodhi injiniya, uye pakanga pasina zviratidzo kuti nyanzvi ichi chichange paaivatambudza zvematongerwo enyika.

Career kuchera injiniya

Muna 1895, Gerbert Guver akagamuchira tsvimborume kuti dhigirii. Basa rake nyanzvi kwainakidza chaizvo. Asi zvose zvakatanga achizvininipisa. First Stanford girajuweta awana Cleaner dombo mugodhi makambani mubayiro Gold Mine. Ipapo jaya nyanzvi vaifarira muBritish. Chirungu Bewick, Moreing uye Company, specialized nendarama, vakazvitsvakira Hoover-makore 23 uye seconded naye Australia. On the "kondinendi munyoro" American navo akadzidzisa ipapo maduramazwi Californian nzira inokosha simbi migodhi. In Australia, Gerbert Guver yawana kunokosha ruzivo kwete chete sechinhu geologist, asi uyewo maneja.

Ipapo Mazvikokota vakagamuchira kumwe chipo kubva Chinese hurumende. In China kuchera yakanga chinyakare ezvinhu. The Chinese vaida kudzidza kubva ano Western ruzivo. Saka anokwanisa uye nesimba Gerbert Guver zvakanakisisa kukwikwidza kwavari. American "rombo" kuva China panguva apo vakatanga wakashata Boxer Kupandukira. Yakanga sefungu pogroms vari kumativi vatorwa. Muchirwisa pakudzorwa avatorwa vaiva ainyanya vanhuwo zvavo. Havana kufanana rechiKristu roumishinari yacho.

Kamwe Tianjin, apo Hoover akararama, akauya pasi kutokonora. Rebel goko yarova chivako yaiva mhiri kwomugwagwa kubva American injiniya musha. Pazuva iroro, Herbert Clark Hoover, vakaisa upenyu hwavo, vakamhanyira wakaparadzwa imba uye anunura musikana Chinese. Makore akawanda gare gare, muna 1928, akanga ari vemutungamiri mumiriri muUnited States akarambidza venhau kuzivisa nyaya munguva musarudzo. Panguva Boxer Kupandukira American haasi chete mubasa yakananga mabasa, asi chidzosai kuparadzwa njanji.

upenyu Personal

Amazing basa nemaonero mu China waitwa Hoover kufunga mhuri dzavo mune ramangwana. The Jaya vaitova nomusikana vanoramba kurarama mu California. Muna 1898, remangwana Lou Genri Guver akagashira kubva chikomba kuti teregiramu, umo akatsanangura kuuya rwendo Asia uye zvaaipiwa kuroora. The musikana akabvuma. The peya aibatanidza kuroorana February 10, 1899 muguta rainge rakabudirira reMonterrey. Vachitevera muenzaniso wake Lu Genri akatora Quaker kutenda. The kuchata nechikepe mungarava iri China rwatova rakatevera pashure muchato. Wako kwagara pedyo Herbert. Akafa muna 1964.

At Hoover aiva nevana vaviri. Herbert akaberekwa muna 1903, akava injiniya uye Wenyika. Kufanana nababa vake, akapedza kudzidza Stanford University. Vakashanda somunhu injiniya mune ndege engineering, geophysics, uye muna 50 yaiva Munyori weHurumende mutariri kuMiddle East kubatana. Mwanakomana Nemuduku Allan rava injiniya mugodhi, uye vazhinji ake basa vakapedza muCalifornia.

Entrepreneur uye philanthropist

Muna 1901, Gerbert Guver akasiya China. Akava co-muridzi Bewick, Moreing & Co, nyanzvi yemigodhi indasitiri. Kwenguva yakati, akadzokera Australia. Muna 1908, Hoover akatanga basa rake somunhu yakazvimirira consultant. Uchiteverwa nguva pamwe nemakambani yose. Mazvikokota akashanda muSan Francisco, London, New York, St. Petersburg, Paris, uye kunyange Burma, apo kamwe vakabatwa nemarariya. Future US Mutungamiri collaborated pamwe Ural magnates. Zvikurukuru, akabatsira kutanga Kyshtym dhipoziti yemhangura, uye ipapo vakamhanyira mumigodhi muMakomo Altai. Nemhaka vakabudirira upfumi muna 1914 Herbert Hoover akava mupfumi. Ake pachake mamiriro anenge $ 4 miriyoni.

upenyu Hoover kwakaita hwachinja pashure World War First. Muzhizha ra1914 akanga muLondon. The US Mumiriri muBritain akakumbira Hoover kubatsira kuronga kudzorerwa US vagari vari vanozviwana muEurope pamberi unofa ngozi. Raiva guru revanhu hombe - vanenge zviuru 120 vanhu.

Zvadaro, purezidhendi ramangwana Gerbert Guver akasimbisa basa rokubatsira inogarwa Belgium. VokuGermany kunyange vakatenderana zvakaitika zvokuyamura, izvo zvikapiwa huru nemugungwa. Panguva ino zvikepe yeBritain akaramba Germany ari wengarava blockade. The British haana kushora chokuendesa nhumbi zvavo. Hoover Commission rwakakurumidza zvikuru. Akatenga zvokudya Australia uye America, uye ayo rengarava semutongo emapoka zvikepe.

The chaizvo Remangwana yechi31 Mutungamiri United States kanoverengeka vakayambuka pamberi mutsetse uye nguva dzose pangozi upenyu hwake. Its rinobata anochengetedza runyararo yaisagona kungosiyiwa. Muna 1919, kuti dzakawanda kubudirira mubasa revanhu uye okugadzira Washington Award akanga paakavapa kuna Hoover.

Minister wezvokutengeserana

Pakazopera hondo, Hoover akava anozivikanwa uye akakurumbira nhamba. Muna 1918 nemijenya President ainzi Woodrow Wilson , akatungamirira American Relief Administration. Akazvipa zvose zvakafanana: kubatsira sangano akaparadza Europe (zvinhu vakawanda vakanga aivigirwa kuPoland neCzechoslovakia). Kunyange Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga yakanga yatova pamusoro, mutsva kupesana reropa yakavapo Russia, apo Hondo Civil akatanga.

Muna 1919, sangano rakatanga kubatsira Hoover White Northwest Army. VokuAmerica vakauya gorosi uye nechipo furawa, bhinzi, pizi, yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mukaka, mafuta. Muna 1921, Hoover aiva US Munyori Commerce. Akagadzwa President Uorren Garding, nokururamisira akatemerwa mutengo akakura ruzivo nounyanzvi murongi.

Zvinokosha kuona kuti mune this post Hoover akabatanidzwa basa rinokosha kuumba American redhiyo indasitiri. Nepo nhepfenyuro kushandisa mano aya nokudzorwa Bazi Trade uye Hoover pachake. Zvakanga zvikuru, kuti Federal Court akaita kupinza masimba musoro dhipatimendi. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kwemakore anoverengeka, vekuAmerica vakatambura kubva nenyonganyonga nomumba maredhiyo dzavo, apo dzemapurisa siyana vakaenda mumhepo nenguva maitikiro.

Kuvhiringidzika vakagara 1927. Congress akapfuura yakakurumbira Radio Act, maererano iyo chaiwo Federal Radio Commission akasikwa.

Batsirai Soviet Russia

Muna 1921 akatanga nzara inotyisa kuti ikarova chakaomesesa muna Volga mudunhu kuRussia. Chikonzero kuti vaiva War Civil, iyo yakaoma mutemo requisitioning uye kuparadza zvachose mumusha. Has wandei simba kunze munyori Bamba Gorky akumbira hurumende US kuti rubatsiro. Hoover aizivikanwa ake Anti-Bolshevik nzvimbo, asi akabvuma kuti kutsigira nzara. Muna August 1921, muna Riga, American Relief Administration uye vanhu commissar nokuda Affairs Foreign Bamba Litvinov dzakasaina chibvumirano pamusoro nerubatsiro zvokuyamura nhumbi Soviet Russia.

Pakutanga, rubatsiro akanga yakapiwa chete kuvana uye vanorwara. The vokuAmerica sangano tafura, izvo vaizosvika chete kupfuura kubatsirwa nenzara. Ivo akatambira chiyamuro kadhi chaiyo.

In Petrograd moga vokuAmerica akazarura canteens 120, yakanga dzakawedzerwa vana vanopfuura zviuru 42. The anokosha kuyerera zvokudya vakatuma Volga: Samara, Kazan, Saratov uye Simbirsk dunhu (imomo akazviratidza vanenge 7000 dzekubikira). Mwedzi mishomanana pashure pakatanga vazvo Hoover muna Washington akakundikana vabvume zvemitemo kuwedzera mari yacho.

Dambudziko raiva kuti panguva iyoyo muhurumende US vakasaziva hurumende yeSoviet. Vazvo mu Russia vasisimo muna 1923. Panguva ino, maererano Commissariat, zvakanzi kupinza pamusoro 585,000 matani zvokudya, mishonga uye nguo.

utungamiriri

Muna 1928, Hoover (senhengo US Republican Party) vakapinda inotevera vemutungamiri nhangemutange. Ake aikwikwidza chikuru chaiva Democrat Alfred Smith. Hoover akakwanisa kukunda kuonga mukurumbira wake. Shure kwake kwakanga pachake kubudirira sezvo muzvinabhizimisi uye kubatsira Europe munguva yehondo. Uyezve, vanhu vokuAmerica vaiona pachavo pahwaro Minister of Commerce kunoshamisa zvoupfumi tiguu 20s.

Zvisinei, ari mukuru Hoover pachena hofisi aizivikanwa pakutanga Depression. Stock musika dambudziko akakonzera pokuwa upfumi. Hoover aifanira kutsungirira upfumi dutu, ichazombova izvo dzakaratidzirwa kana US kana Europe. President raMwari Anti-dambudziko mutemo wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika pfungwa huru shomanana. Chokutanga, akaedza kupa mamwe kukura duku private mabhizimisi. Chechipiri, Hoover akaedza kunyengetedza vashandirwi kwete kuderedza yayo kugadzirwa. Serious irritant munzanga yaiva kunetsana pakati mibatanidzwa vashandirwi. The President akaedza kupfavisa kupikiswa ichi.

Uyezve, Hoover zvinganaka purogiramu hombe paruzhinji mabasa, izvo aifanira kugadzirisa dambudziko kokubuda urovha. Muna 1930, Congress mvumo chirongwa dzinounzwa ayo Implementation mamiriyoni 750. Asi, pasinei kuedza ehurumende kupindira ezvinhu, mamiriro ezvinhu akaramba achiipa. Muzhizha 1930, vashandirwi akatanga massively kuderedza yavo.

Panguva pfungwa Hoover, Congress akasika mari, inotsigirwa hwaishandiswa chinonyanya kukosha njanji, uyewo chikwereti uye rwezvemabhengi masangano. Panguva iyoyowo, President vetoed mutemo pamusoro zvakananga rubatsiro rwemari kune vasingashandi, tichifunga kuti kunyanya mari aizomupa kuchaita tirasikirwe vanhu ava kutanga kuwana basa idzva. Pakazosvika 1932, nhamba yavo yakasvika kusingaenzaniswi vanhu mamiriyoni 12, uye vose US kugadzirwa panguva dambudziko ikaurawa 50%.

hadzisi kuzadzika okuchinja

Zviri kuziva kuti mukutanga 1929 Hoover akauya simba, akanga achienda kuita kwezvoupfumi kunoparirwa, vakanga zvakare kuderedza neHurumende kuchinja upfumi. Yakanga kunoramba nzira libertarianism, kana anonzi musimboti noninterference. Kuita chirongwa zvoupfumi, Hoover akavimba yavo ruzivo entrepreneur, kushanda nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana munyika.

Other zvinokosha zvave zvipfuwo wokuti 1929-1933. aiva pokugadzwa Federal Bureau of Prisons uye nokubatanidzwazve ari Bureau of Indian Affairs. Hoover uyewo akadzivirira zvakasimba mudyandigere kuchinja, somugumisiro iyo ose American pamusoro makore 65 anofanira kugamuchira $ 50 pamwedzi. Nokuda Depression , urongwa uyu kumboziva.

vatorwa negwaro

Muna 1928, Gerbert Guver aiva kumboitika kutenderera kunyika gumi muna Latin America. Pavaifamba, akati 25 kutaura uye kushanyira pachavo kwakatungamirira okuyerera ukama kunyika yacho. Paaigara kuArgentina, Hoover akapotsa akava nedambudziko chigaro yomunharaunda anarchist.

Pasinei zvose akaoma purezidhendi akakwanisa nheyo itsva wokuti "muvakidzani akanaka", uyo akatsiva vakawanda "mabhanana hondo". Cliche ichi inonzi US zviito kuzorwa Caribbean uye Central America, vokuAmerica, zvikurukuru, dzinodzorwa Puerto Rico uye Cuba. Mutemo "muvakidzani akanaka" akanga mberi pasi Roosevelt. Yakanga, muna 1934, mauto American akasiya kuHaiti.

Kukundikana apiwa sarudzo

The unopfuurira zvinomboitika upfumi akashora mashoko kutendeseka pakati Hoover. Achisvika musarudzo muna 1932, uye ayo pamwero rutsigiro kwakanga prohibitively pasi. Panguva chinyakare pre-sarudzo kutaura vavhoti Hoover akatarisana utsinye vateereri vakamushatirisa. Aikwikwidza pakati purezidhendi vakanga Franklin Roosevelt. Iye pasarudzo, achiva inotevera musoro United States.

Republican masango akatambura dzinongoitika kukundwa. Hoover vomunguva mhosva kwokukundikana kutora Anti-dambudziko chirongwa, izvo zvinogona kudzikamisa zvoupfumi dutu. Roosevelt, wakati aenda nezviyero akanyanyisa uye unoda nzira itsva, mamiriro ezvinhu yakagadzirisa. Panguva iyoyowo, kunyange nhasi, vanyori venhau dzakaitika kuti Hoover akava mubatwa mamiriro ezvinhu. Akanga rombo rakaipa kuva mutungamiri pamusoro avaida dambudziko dzakatanga asina mhosva yake, uye kuti vavariro zvikonzero, kopivshimsya kwemakumi emakore. Supporters Hoover akaona uye akataura kuti panguva kukwirira Depression Great, hapana matanho kubatsira purezidhendi America vakasagona.

Papera makore uye nhaka

Radicalism Roosevelt aiva kuti akawedzera zvikuru pamusoro pehurumende muchinangwa upfumi, zvinopesana zvatinosiita pamusika US womuenzaniso.

Hoover, kuva private mugari, kwemakore akawanda vakatsoropodza mitemo mutsivi wake. Apo Second World War, iye waitsigira haana kupindira munyaya European.

Hoover akadzokera basa hurumende pasi President Truman uye Eisenhower. maneja ruzivo misoro dare, vaitungamirira kuchinja zvinhu ehurumende midziyo. Iye zvakanyorwa nyaya dzakawanda uye mabhuku, kusanganisira netsamba, izvo akatsanangura ake inopenya youth ushingi. Hoover aiva Aimbova purezidhendi panguva rekodhi nguva yaro, nguva-gore 31. Akafa musi October 20, 1964 muNew York. Vaimbove rokutanga munhu waiva nemakore 90 okuberekwa. nzvimbo yake yokupedzisira rava chizvarwa Iowa.

United States uchikoshesa kuyeuka yechi31 mutungamiri, uyo, kunyange vose nuances Huru Depression pakukwegura raigona rehabilitated mumeso vagari. Rake zita zvinhu zvakawanda uye nzvimbo. Akanakisisa kuvazivisa ndiye ari Hoover Dam (AZ). The dhamu iri Colorado River, uye nhasi anoonekwa kuti nemamwe. kuvaka Its akatanga munguva President Hoover muna 1931, uye ichaguma panguva Roosevelt muna 1936. The drafts ari mai wokutanga akaonekwa 1920s. ipapo Hoover aiva gurukota wezvokutengeserana uye akava nhengo Commission kukonzera mai chirongwa. Nemhaka yake, akakwanisa uwane mvura kumaodzanyemba California uye kukura vomunharaunda zvokurima, uyewo kudzora vanomumukira gomo rwizi.