François Mitterrand: biography, basa, kune dzimwe nyika uye pamba purogiramu

François Mitterrand ndiye Mutungamiri wechi21 weFrance uye panguva imwe chete Mutungamiri wechina weFifth Republic, yakagadzwa naCharles de Gaulle. Utungamiri hwake hwenyika hwakave hwakareba kupfuura ose munhoroondo yeFifth Republic uye panguva imwechete iyo yakakakavhiringidza, apo sangano rezvematongerwo enyika pendulum rakashanduka kubva kuhukama hwevanhu kusvika kune imwe nzira yehupenyu.

Kuberekwa nemakore ekudzidza

Panguva apo Europe yakanga ichiri kupisa muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, muna 1916, musi waOctober 26, mutungamiri weFrance wenguva yakazara François Mitterrand akaberekerwa muguta reJarnack. Maererano naye, akaberekerwa mu "kereke yeRoma Katurike". Baba vake vaiva J. Mitterrand, uye amai vake vaiva J. Lorran. Mumiri yake yeJarnaka akange ava nemakore 9, akagamuchira dzidzo yake yepamusoro pano, ndokubva aenda kuSt. Paul, chikoro chekuenda kuAngoumel. Iyi nzvimbo yaive yega yega yeKaturike yaive neropafadzo yekudzidzisa, uye pashure pacho akazova mudzidzi wechikoro chefilosofi.

Pazera remakore 18, Francois Mitterrand akaenda kuParis kuti aenderere mberi nekudzidza kwake. Ikoko akapinda muSonbonne, kwaakadzidza sainzi kusvikira muna 1938. Mushure mokunge apedzisa, akagamuchira mamwe ma diplomas matatu: kuguma kwepfungwa dzepfungwa uye dzemitemo yeS Sorbonne University, pamwe neSchool of Political Science. Izvi zvinopedzisa kurovedza, uye hupenyu hwevanhu vakuru hunotanga, asi kunyange zvakadaro chipo chekukurukurirana uye kuongorora mberi kwaigona kuonekwa mauri, mutungamiri wenyika yemberi Mitterand Francois akanga atoonekwa. Nhungamiro yake yakanga isiri chinhu chakamukwezva, akachigara uye akafara achigamuchira kuuya kwesimba reVatungamiri vekutanga muna 1936.

Kushumira muuto uye Hondo Yenyika II muhupenyu hwaFrançois Mitterrand

Muchirimo cha1938 Francois akanyorwa muuto. Akatanga basa rake muna 23 Colonial Infantry Regiment. Mushure mekunge maGermany akabudisa Hondo Yenyika II, akatamirwa kuSedan. MunaJune 1940, nekutorwa kweParis neWehrmacht, Francois Mitterrand akakuvadzwa zvakakomba nematombo emigodhi. Miraculously yakabviswa kubva kuParis yakakundwa, asi nokukurumidza Francois Mitterrand akapinda mukutapwa kweGermany. Kuedza kwechitatu kwakaitwa kutiza, uye munguva yechando muna 1941 iye pakupedzisira akakwanisa kusununguka uye pakarepo akabatana neboka re Resistance. Ikoko akagamuchira pseudonym "Captain Morlan".

Muna 1942-1943, François aive munhu anoshanda mubasa revasungwa vehondo. Akatotanga sangano uye pasi pekuda kushamwaridzana. Pakupera kwa1943, pakanga pane musangano wokutanga naCharles de Gaulle. Zvichida iwe pachako unogadzira tsamba pakati pavo. Francois Mitterrand, zvisinei, zvakasiyana naGaulle, akanga ari mutongi wezvematongerwo enyika wechidiki uyo kubva pamusangano wekutanga wakaenda naye kumakakatanwa uye kusabvumirana kusununguka nemaonero ake. Muna 1944 akanga ari mumiririri wekusununguko kweFrance uye aive muzvikamu zvekumuka kweParis.

Zvematongerwo enyika mumakore apfuura-hondo

Mushure mekuparadzwa kweFascist Germany, François Mitterand akatanga kupindira mubato rehurumende yeFrench Republic. Akatora nzvimbo dzinoshumira gumi, uye akazovawo mutungamiri weDDS party. Akaita nzira yekurwisa-fascist uye akatonga pachena pachena mutemo uye simba rakawandisa raCharles de Gaulle, uye akanyora bhuku pamusoro pake.

Kurwisana kwehurumende

Kuchinja kwehupenyu hwake mune zvematongerwe enyika kwaiva muna 1965. Munguva iyi nguva yehupenyu hwake hwakashandurwa. Francois Mitterrand akatanga kutora chikamu mumasarudzo ehurumende. Zvisinei, muchikamu chechipiri akakundwa, uye de Gaulle akasarudzwazve kwechipiri chetemu. Ramba richienderera kutungamira mabasa ekupikisa ari pamusoro wekusimbiswa kwemauto eus leftist masimba. Muna 1974, fate yakamuyeuchidza muna 1965 - yakarasikirwa naValerie Giscard d'Estaing munharaunda yechipiri. Nguva yake yakanga isati yasvika.

Munguva iyi yose nguva, haana kupedza nguva pasina: akazvibata pachake, akatsvaka dzimwe nzira uye akagadzira mitezo mitsva yezvematongerwe enyika, achiita zvinotambudza zvose zvakavanzika uye zvakasununguka. Muzhinji, iye akange akwegura kare yakanga isiri chipingamupinyi. Mushure mezvose, panguva iyoyo (1974) akanga atova nemakore anenge makumi matanhatu, uye akanga achangotanga kufarira kukunda kwezvematongerwo enyika, asi haana kunyanya kushungurudzika nekukundwa. Nokudaro, nokuda kwekusarudzwa kwakatevera muna 1981 akatanga kugadzirira kupfuura kare.

Mutungamiri wechina weFifth Republic

Muna 1981, munaJanuary, pamusangano weCSS (French Socialist Party), yakanga yakabatana pamwe chete sechitsvaga chekutungamira hurumende mune sarudzo itsva. Yaiva nguva yake yakanakisisa. Mutungamiri wechina weFifth Republic aiva François Mitterrand, uyo mazano emhuri uye kunze kwenyika akatogamuchira zita rakasiyana - "Mitterraneism." Musiyano pakati pemabasa aFrancois kubva kune vamwe vatungamiri ndechokuti, kuva munhu anonyatsopesana nemakomunisti, akavimba kwazvo pamusoro pavo mumutemo wake uye kupfuura kamwe kamwe akaita shamwari dzake.

Dzimba yenzira

Muhurumende yaakagamuchira, Francois Mitterrand akatanga kushandura mararamiro evanhu. Hurumende Yake yakanga iri kushanda kuti kuderedze vhiki yekushanda, kuderedza nguva yekurega, kusimbisa simba. Pasi paMitterrand, hurumende dzakapiwa simba, uye naizvozvo "maoko asina kusununguka" pakugadzirisa nyaya dzakawanda. Uyu ndiwo mubvunzo iwoyo wakamunetsa panguva yekutonga kwaGaulle, uye Mitterrand aigara achimutsoropodza pamusoro pesimba rinopfurikidza mumaoko emuumwe murume. Mukuwedzera, chirango chekufa chakabviswa. France iri mumagazini iyi yaiva yekupedzisira munyika dzose dzeWestern Europe. Zvisinei, kubvira muna 1984 hurumende yakamanikidzwa kutamira kune "maitiro" uye kukanganisa mararamiro evanhu.

Kubva muna 1986, nguva yezvainzi. "Kugara pamwe" apo mutungamiri wekupedzisira-wing akaita pamwe chete nemutungamiri wehurumende yepamusoro, uyo akazova Jacques Chirac.

Muna 1988, Francois Mitterand akasarudzwa zvakare kwegore rechipiri. Sangano rake rekugara rakaramba risina kuchinja: akatsigira maKomonisiti, akaenda kunekukurukurirana nehondo dzakarurama uye panguva imwechete haana kuregeredza kuruboshwe, izvo zvinomuita sezvematongerwe enyika ane simba uye akareba-famba ane ruzivo rwakawanda mundima iyi yebasa.

Mutemo Wemamwe Marudzi aFrançois Mitterrand

Anenge makore ose ehutungamiri wehurumende, akamanikidzwa kugoverana simba pamwe nevatungamiriri vezvakanaka. Mitterrand yemitemo yekunze yakasimiririrawo pfungwa yekufambisa pakati pehondo dzekurudyi uye dzakarurama. Akanyanya kusimbisa kusimbiswa kwehukama neUnited States, Germany, uye zvakare neUnited Germany uye, hongu, neRussia. Francois Mitterrand aiva mumwe wekutanga akatsigira Boris Yeltsin munguva yeHurumende Emergency Committee. Asi kunyange zvisati zvamboitika muna August 1991, akashanda nesimba neSoviet Union. Mukuwedzera, Francois akasimudzira kubatanidzwa kukuru nehurumende dzeAfrica.

Muna 1981, Francois Mitterrand akakunda kukundwa kukuru-akava mutevedzeri weFrance, asi gore rimwechete akamupa imwe "kushamisika" - akawana incology. Zvose makore ekutonga kwake akafamba nekenza yeprostate. Mitterrand akarwisana kusvikira kunekupedzisira. Muna 1995, nguva yake yechipiri yehutungamiri yakaguma, uye paKrisimasi iye nemhuri yake vakanga vane nguva yekushanyira Egipita. Asi kare musi waJanuary 8, 1996, pagore rechi79 rehupenyu, Mutungamiri wechiFrench wechiFranco Mitterrand akabva kune imwe nyika. Kufarira mune zvematongerwo enyika uye kuda nyika yeamai, akatakura kuburikidza nehupenyu hwake hwose kwete hupenyu hupfupi.