Economic Kuchinja muna 1985-1991. Nzendo uye zvabuda

Pakazosvika pakati 80-ies ari socio-zvoupfumi uye enyika upenyu Soviet kuchengetwa nematambudziko. Zvakava pachena tariro backwardness pamusoro mugovanisi muvanhu kubva zvikuru dzakabudirira munyika. Kuitira kudzivisa yokupedzisira pokuwa uye kuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu munyika, hurumende iri USSR kwezvoupfumi kunoparirwa muna 1985-1991 rwaiitwa.

Prerequisites nokuti zvinhu

Mumakore 80 upfumi Soviet Union yakanga vatarisana kuparara. Munyika, paiva slowdown waro kukura, uye mune dzimwe sectors hwenyika paiva kuderera simba mukurima mumatunhu. The inefficiency of mugovanisi zvoupfumi nzira anotaurisa kazhinji kuonekwa zvokuimba engineering, simbi, rwekushanda nesimbi uye nezvimwe maindasitiri. Kunyange muna 1985 USSR yakabereka zvuru 150 matani simbi, yaiva kupfuura muUnited States, nyika simbi achiri asina kukwana. Chikonzero ichi chaiva kukwana ayo utsotso michina umo vakawanda chikamu feedstock iri dzikwanise machipisi. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu yakawedzera kusagona, nokuda iyo tani nesimbi rusting pasi pakachena denga.

The zvoupfumi kuchinja USSR muna 1985-1991. Zvakange zvakafanira kwete chete nokuda matambudziko mumunda rinorema indasitiri. Mukutanga 80-ies muSoviet Union pavaiita kunyatsoongorora michina uye muchina zvishandiso mumhuri kugadzirwa. Zvose zvinhu tarisa, uye dzaibudisa zvinenge 20 zviuru, nechetatu akaziviswawo zvazviri usashanda uye unusable. Substandard midziyo kutorwa kubva kugadzirwa, asi ichiri akaramba kubereka.

Pasinei nokuti Soviet Union akabhadhara ngwariro chaiyo kukura mupomerwi indasitiri, zvakanga zvakare uncompetitive mumusika pose. Apo panosangana iri 70-80-ies munyika yose nechokumadokero nyika iri microprocessor chimurenga muna USSR, yakawanda mari akaenda kwerunyararo maoko rudzi. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, hazvina govera mari yakakwana kuti kukura zvesainzi. vanhu Soviet zvava vachiwedzera kufambirana kumadokero tichitarisa zviripo uye mumaindasitiri kukura.

Political uye upfumi kuchinja 1985-1991 uyewo akakura nokuda kuwa muna chaiyo mararamiro. Tichienzanisa kuguma 60s kusvika 1980, mhuri mari dzakawira kusvika 3 nguva. Vagari Soviet kuramba kunzwa shoko "dhefisiti." mabhora ose oupenyu yakarohwa muboka revatungamiriri uye uori. Drop yakaitika netsika uye vanhuwo murume.

The kuuya nesimba Gorbachev

Muchirimo 1985 vakawanda munyori mukuru CPSU raiva Mikhail Gorbachev. Achiziva kuti upfumi munyika iri vava kuda kuparara, akazivisa mutemo wayo zvinhu. Paterevhizheni yakarira itsva kune Soviet vanhu, shoko "kugadzirisa", zvinoreva chiri kukurira kurega kunotanga pamusoro pezvakaitwa, kusikwa vakarongeka uye yakavimbika kudzora mashandiro zvainanga Kusimudzira uye kuwedzera pave zvamagariro evanhu uye zvoupfumi zvoupenyu.

Zvokukura upfumi kuchinja 1985-1991

Nekushandura upfumi Soviet unogona kukamurwa muzvikamu akawanda.

1. Mumakore 1985-1986 nehurumende yeSoviet inotungamirwa Gorbachev akaedza kuzoponesa mugovanisi maitiro kuburikidza rikurumidze kumhanya pave mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira chimurenga (S.), ré injiniya bhizimisi uye intensification kwevanhu mari.
2. Muna 1987, upfumi kuchinja atanga. Zvarinoreva ndiko kuramba centralized kurapa kuchinja kubva yaiona dzinoshandiswa kweupfumi.
3. Muna 1989-1990, akataura mutemo zvishoma nezvishoma yokuchinjira kubva mugovanisi upfumi pamusika. Anti-dambudziko chirongwa "mazuva 500" yakazokudziridzwa.
4. Muna 1991 iye aidzidza usapinde zvinhu. The kupora zveupfumi raiva pasi kuparara nokuda dzisingapindirani hurumende chiito.

Policy kumhanyisa

The kuchinja 1985-1991 zveupfumi akatanga kuziviswa mutemo kuwedzera kukura nyika. In kuwa 1985, Gorbachev akadana ari vatungamiri bhizimisi kuronga multi-kuchinja mashandiro, akaita zvinotaurwa mugovanisi makwikwi uye zvakagadzirwa, kuti akuteerere zvaidiwa basa chirango mukurima, kuvandudza chigadzirwa unhu. Zviito izvi, maererano kuMoscow, vave chokwadi vakaratidza ichiwedzera negoho uye kuwedzera kuti socio-upfumi zvoupenyu hwavo yose Soviet Union. Pokutanga basa ndishande injiniya indasitiri, kugadzirwa izvo kuti kushandiswa upgrading National upfumi.

Billed Gorbachev mutemo kuwedzera zvaireva kuwedzera kukura mwero hwenyika. Vasati 2000, utungamiriri Soviet akanga achironga kaviri kurimwa vanokwanisa uye national mari wenyika, kurera 2,5 munguva yauinayo.

Apo Gorbachev akatanga kurerutsa hondo rokuraradza. Maererano enyika uye ake boka racho, Anti doro Mushandirapamwe aiva akanaka kwakabatsira nokusimbaradza kurayirirwa uye kuvandudza yauinayo. Munzvimbo dzakawanda ruva chirimwa kuti kugadzirwa waini uye vodka zvigadzirwa, utsinye akatema yemizambiringa. Somugumisiro mutemo uyu kugadzirwa doro iri USSR yakaderera 2 nguva. Nokuda kuchaitwa waini uye midzimu makambani munyika vakatambura multimillion emadhora varasikirwa. Kushaya mari iri hurumende bhajeti zvakakonzera kunonoka kuti mari. Kuti vanoumba vanodzishayiwa, hurumende yakasarudza pamusoro kudhinda mari itsva.

The zvokuchinja zvoupfumi pamusoro 1985-1991 muna USSR akazviratidza kurambidza vagari Soviet kuwana kubva unearned mari. Nokuti basa rake oga basa, kunze komutemo zvokutengeserana uye zvimwe chin'a hurumende mabasa munhu aigona kuenda kujeri kusvika 5 years. Asi pasina nguva zvakava pachena kuti matanho akadaro hadzibatsiri, uye muna November 1986, pakava mutemo kubvumira Soviet Union kuzvidzora basa.

Kuwedzera kukura zvokuimba okugadzira kwakaita kuti zvinoderedza mari nokuda zvimwe zvinhu indasitiri. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kubvira akasununguka pakutengeswa akatanga kunyangarika uye nevatengi nhumbi. Htp, riri mubishi kugadzirisa kubhadhara rinokosha, uye haana kugamuchira kukura kwayo. Crisis mberi vakashaisa mamiriro. Pakazopera 1986 zvakava pachena kuti Qualitative kuchinja hwenyika hazvibviri kuita nemhaka yokusakwana kuronga hurongwa.

Economic kusanduka 1987-1989

Muna 1987 Prime Minister akatora Nikolai Ryzhkov, achivimbisa kudzikamisa upfumi uye makore nehafu. hurumende yake yakatanga dzakatevedzana zvinhu nechinangwa paakasika pamusika mugovanisi. Kubva zvino, boka hwakatamisirwa kuzvipira mari, rakabvumirwa haasaruri kuzvitonga, kuwedzera kukura kwebasa kuzvionera yavo. Masangano vakapiwa kodzero mushandirapamwe kushanda pamwe vamwe kubva kune dzimwe nyika, uye vatungamiri vavo havana pasi kumusika zvakare, kana machinda. Vakatanga kuonekwa cooperatives rokutanga chokuita mumvuri zvivako. Mugumisiro wakadaro mutemo nokuda Soviet Union akava vanoshorwa: hurumende vakarega kudzora emari nehurumende. Yezwi pamusika mugovanisi vakava zvisingabviri. The kuchinja 1985-1991 zveupfumi haana kuuya inotarisirwa zvabuda.

Uyezve kuedza ndimutsidzire upfumi

Kuwana nzira kubva dambudziko mberi. Muna 1989, Soviet nezvoupfumi Yavlinsky uye S. SHatalin akakurukura chirongwa "mazuva 500". Chaizvoizvo Its chaiva kutamira voga mumaoko ehurumende emakambani uye munyika yezwi pamusika upfumi. Panyaya iyi, gwaro asingadi kuteerera nyaya dzakadai kuchinja zvematongerwo enyika ari mamiriro, privatization chaiyo vevaGiriki, iyo denationalization munyika varidzi, imwe mari zvinhu. Nezvoupfumi akavimbisa kuti pachake pfungwa upenyu hakumbokanganisi mamiriro ezvinhu emari vemo. Aifarirwa Mukuru Soviet USSR purogiramu apinda nechisimba muna October 1990, asi iye akanga nemhinganidzo yakakura: haina kuratidzwa zvido nomenklatura. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, Gorbachev, mumwe chirongwa kwave vakasarudzwa panguva yokupedzisira, vasingagoni kuita yezwi pamusika upfumi.

Currency kuchinja uye kuparara upfumi yeSoviet

Rimwe achangobuda kuedza kudzikamisa upfumi mamiriro ezvinhu rakaitwa 1991 mari kuchinja. Gorbachev akanga aronga navo rubatsiro wayo zadzai homwe uye kumisa Ruble depreciation. Asi kuchinja kwaita kuti inondimukira kuwedzera mitengo uye kuderedza mararamiro vanhu. The Kusagutsikana chavagari yasvika muganhu. Munyika dzakawanda hurumende dzakabviswa ranwa. Kwose kwose akatanga kuratidza National separatism.

zvabuda

Zvakabuda zvoupfumi kuchinja 1985-1991 vakanga anosiririsa. Pane kudzorera National upfumi zvakaitwa nehurumende kunyange zvakawanda zvinowedzerwa mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Hakuna vakaronga zvinhu hazvina apera. Kuparadza yekare utariri mamiriro, vakuru havana kukwanisa kusika vatsva. Under izvi ezvinhu, akoromoke imwe nyika hombe vakava chisingadzivisiki.