Ndiani akazogadzira mhepo inopisa chibharuma? Montgolfier hama. A chibharuma pamwe netswanda

Mubvunzo uyo akazogadzira chibharuma, nokuti chokwadi ichava kufarira mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe. Mushure ndege yakatangwa shure muzana remakore rechi18 uye hunobatsira nguva sezvazvakanyorwa rinoshandiswa aeronautics uye mumazuva edu. Equipment uye zvokuvakisa vanochinjwa uye akavandudzika, asi uchishandisa musimboti yakaramba kwemazana emakore ari chete. Ndokusaka panotaurwa kuti ndiani vanhu vaya vakauya pamwe motokari itsva iyi zvinoshamisa, ndiye zvikurukuru akakodzera.

kwakarongwa vitae

The vanotanga ari chibharuma vaiva hama Montgolfier. Vaigara mutaundi duku reFrance Annonay. Vose uduku aifarira zvesayenzi, rwokugadzira rwokugadzira. baba vavo aiva entrepreneur, akanga bepa rake chigayo. Pashure porufu rwake, mukurusa vehama Joseph-Michel nhaka uye zvadaro kushandiswa michina yake.

Nokuti nokubudirira ake kwesayenzi, akabva ave maneja yakakurumbira Paris Conservatory of Arts uye Crafts. Munun'una wake Jacques-Etienne akanga murongedzeri dzidzo yavo.

Aifarira basa kwesayenzi Musayendisiti hunoshamisa British, zvakasikwa Dzhozefa Pristli, akawana okisijeni. mubereko Izvi zvakakonzera kuti akatanga kutora chikamu ose kuedza, mukuru mukoma.

prerequisites

Nyaya ndiani akazogadzira chibharuma, unofanira kutanga tsanangudzo mamiriro ezvinhu akaita zvikwanisike zvinoshamisa kuwanikidza yakadaro. By yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18 kwakaita dzinoverengeka zvinokosha zvinowanikwa nesayenzi kuti akabvumira hama kushandisa dzavo pazviri. Takatodzidza ataurwa hwomukova okisijeni. Muna 1766, mumwe mutsvakurudzi British G. Cavendish yakawanikwa rehydrogen - a venhumbi akazova vachishingaira kushandiswa aeronautics. L. Lavuaze Anenge makore gumi pamberi yakakurumbira kuedza kumutsa chibharuma akakurumbira musayendisiti French A. yakatanga dzidziso nezvebasa okisijeni iri oxidation kwendangariro.

kudzidza

Saka, nhoroondo uyo akazogadzira chibharuma, iyo chokuita noupenyu nesayenzi rechipiri yezana remakore rechi18. Muchiitiko chino, zvakakosha kuziva kuti kuvamba ichi chakaitwa nemhaka pamusoro matongo. Hama dzakanga dzisina chete kuziva achangobuda zvinowanikwa nesayenzi, asi akaedzawo dzika navo.

Pfungwa iyi uye akavasundira kuti pakusikwa kwenyika.

At dzavo dziripo zvose zvakafanira zvokuvakisa kwayo kugadzira paper fekitari, akasiyiwa kwaari baba vake, aivapa papepa munyama. Pakutanga, vanoita mabhegi makuru, vakaafusira mhepo inopisa uye raparurwa kudenga. Okutanga kuedza vashoma akavasundira pfungwa pakusika hombe mbiya. Pakutanga, vakanga akazadza chiutsi, asi fuma ichi kana vakanonga nokukurumidza inotonhodza, mvura rinopedza muchimiro kunayisa isu masvingo yacho. Zvadaro kwakasarudzwa kushandisa rehydrogen, iyo inozivikanwa kuti vakareruka kupfuura mhepo.

Zvisinei, chiedza ichi gasi runopwa nokukurumidza uye akapukunyuka kuburikidza parusvingo yacho. Kunyange akabatsira kudimburira pepa bhora, kuburikidza iyo gasi ichiri kutsakatika nokukurumidza. Uyezve, rehydrogen ndiyo fuma inodhura kwazvo, uye hama dzaiva kuwana nayo tanetseka chaizvo. Taifanira kuwana imwe nzira yokuti vabudirire kuvakwa kuedza.

prolusion

Mukutsanangura mabasa avo akazogadzira chibharuma, zvakakodzera kuratidza nezvipingamupinyi rakatarisana hama vasati kuedza wavo zvapedza. Pashure maviri okutanga akakundikana kuedza kumutsa maumbirwo kuti mhepo Joseph Michel zano haana kushandisa rehydrogen uye inopisa utsi.

Ipfungwa Izvi zvaiita hama yakanaka, kubva fuma iyi akanga vakareruka kupfuura mhepo uye saka aikwanisa kumutsa bhora kumusoro. New ruzivo akabudirira. News kubudirira ichi nokukurumidza dzakapararira muguta, uye vanhu vakatanga kukumbira hama kuti abate paruzhinji ruzivo.

Flight 1783

Hama dzakagadzwa bvunzo musi June 5. Vose vari kunyatsogadzirira ichi chiitiko chinokosha. Vakaita bhora kuti pachikero anopfuura 200 makirogiramu. Akanga asina netswanda - chizenga kushaika zvatiri vajaira kuona vemazuva mazano. To zvakanga dzakabatanidzwa rinokosha bhandi namakavi wandei kuchengeta nayo munzvimbo chero zvichaita vakuchidzire mhepo mukati yakakomberedzwa. Chibharuma Montgolfier hama vaiva raishamisa chaizvo kuona, uye akaita kukuru mupfungwa vateereri. Mutsipa wake waradzikwa pamusoro pomoto, izvo kudziyirwa mhepo. kuzobatsira vanamukoti sere kumupa kuti netambo pasi. Kana goko izere mhepo inopisa, bhora akakwira.

The ndege yechipiri

Chibharuma pamwe tswanda yakanga yakaitwa nevanhu ava. Zvisinei, izvi pashure rudaviro hombe, waiva kuwanikwa asingazivikanwi zvachose vaongorori kubva muguta duku French. Zvakawanikwa izvi masayendisiti vanofarira kubva Academy of Sciences. The Korol Lyudovik XVI vaifarira zvakadaro kutiza bhora kuti akaita hama kuParis. musi September 1783 ine basa idzva akanzi. Hama dzakabatana bhora the willow mudengu uye nharo kuti huchamira vatakurwi. Vaida nendege pachavo, asi mumapepanhau ane hasha gakava pamusoro mukuru ngozi. Saka, pakutanga, kwakasarudzwa kurera mhuka ari mudengu. On musi, 19 September, pamberi masayendisiti bhora, courtiers uye Mambo akakwira ne "Passenger": Jongwe, mumwe Dhadha uye negwai. Pashure pfupi ndege yacho bhora Anosungwa mapazi emiti, uye akanyura pasi. It Vakawana kuti mhuka kunzwa zvakanaka, uye ipapo kwakasarudzwa kuti chibharuma pamwe tswanda bheya uye murume. Kwapera nguva, nyika yokutanga mhepo ndege kuitwa Jacques-Etienne uye akakurumbira French musayendisiti, yefizikisi uye kemisiti Pilatre of Rozier.

marudzi balls

Zvichienderana mhando gasi kuti anozadza goko rakakamurwa akasiyana zvitatu izvi kubhururuka mano. Avo dzinokwira kushandisa overheated mhepo chibharuma rinonzi - pakati mazita creators ayo. Ichi chimwe chezvinhu nyore uye zvikuru nzira rokuzadza gasi zvinhu, ndiko vakareruka kupfuura mhepo uye saka anogona kumutsa mudengu nevanhu vari mairi. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana Balloons kubvumira vafambi kusarudza zvikuru yokuita nzira kufamba. Of Kunyanya kukosha mune zvakagadzirwa ichi ane burner chibharuma.

Chinangwa charo kungoramba kudziyisa mumhepo. Muzviitiko, kana ukaisa bhora, unofanira kuti uvhure vharafu rinokosha casing kuti zvichitonhorera mumhepo. balls avo, mukati iyo uzere rehydrogen, makadanirwa charliere - akamiririra mumwe kemisiti akakurumbira French uye muvambi, akararama Charles Jacques Montgolfier hama.

Mamwe namano

Kukosha mutsvakurudzi uyu kuti hazvisi kuva kushandisa vomunyika dzavo hunoshamisa, kuumba bhora ravo, akauzadzawo rehydrogen. Zvisinei, kutanga kuedza havana kubudirira, nekuti rehydrogen, kuva putika fuma kupinda kuonana mhepo, akanyemwerera. Rehydrogen chinhu putika fuma, saka kushandiswa kwayo zvinodiwa ndege goko kwakabatana matambudziko avowo.

Balloons vane nehelium vaakadanawo charliere. The samolecular kurema ichi fuma kupfuura kuti rehydrogen, yava kukwanisa yakakwana, hazvina ngozi uye njodzi. The chete drawback rino zvinhu zviri zvayo kudhura, saka rinoshandiswa kuti aigarira chitundumusere-musere. balls avo kuti akazadza hafu mhepo, hafu - magasi dzinonzi Rosiere - nokuda mumwe Montgolfier hama panguva - akati Pilatre of Rosier. Wakapamura bhora goko muzvikamu zviviri, chimwe yaiva yakazara sehydrogen, uye mumwe - with hot mhepo. Akaedza kuita ndege pamusoro foni yako, asi rehydrogen abatwa moto uye akaurayiwa pamwe chete neshamwari yake. Kunyange zvakadaro, havana akazogadzira mhando mudziyo yave kuzivikanwa. Balloons vane nehelium uye mhepo, kana rehydrogen zvinoshandiswa yazvino aeronautics.