July umambo: nguva, kunyanya migumisiro

In July 1830 paiva kwebope France, zvakazoita sapakuparadzwa mumiriri rokupedzisira mukuru mutsara Bourbon youmambo - Korol Karl X uye pakukwana choumambo hama yake Duke pakati Orleans, Louis Philippe. Somugumisiro, rakachengetedzwa apedza hwakagadzwa muna 1814, hurumende simba kudzoreredzwa Bourbons, vakanga vachiedza nepose kudzorera hurongwa munyika kuti nezvaiva pamberi 1789 Revolution. Kuuya pashure kuti nguva munhoroondo France akaburuka munhau sezvo July umambo.

Chii vakauya neimwe chimurenga

Nguva July umambo, dzinoratidzwa kuti somugumisiro kwazvakarerekera, anozivikanwa somunhu Second French Revolution, bumbiro idzva rakazoshandiswa (yoku- Charter), panguva imwe yepamusoro pamwero chendangariro zvaidiwa kodzero dzevanhu uye anowedzera masimba reParamende.

Chikuru kirasi anoramba ari bourgeoisie huru, pamwe kana asati pasi kufurirwa kubva feudal kwamachinda, yava imwe ngozi kwaari vachibva pazasi - kubva zviduku bourgeoisie uye inoumbwa panguva vanoshanda kirasi. Sezvo zvavo vagari aisava mukana kudzivirira kodzero dzavo kuburikidza reparamende, vanoramba kukuisa zvinogona kukanganisa kugadzikana munyika.

Hondo pamusoro mapoka dzeparamende

Zvisinei, haritauri pamusoro homogeneity pamusoro Kuronga Paramende yayo kungopeta maoko. Zviri July umambo chaizvo kwazvo kusembura intraparliamentary kutamburira anokonzerwa kupokanidzana pakati siyana kumapati.

The kushorwa Somuenzaniso, akanga asina kugutsikana kuitwa reMitemo aimbova muna yoku- chimiro uye zvaida dzokororo wakakwana. chikuru Chinangwa chavo chaiva kumisa panyika nokudenga suffrage uye mberi kuwedzera dzokunamata takasununguka.

Kupararira mugovanisi pfungwa

In ichi tsiye chakasimba enyika hondo yacho July umambo rakava yakaorera pasi kuti kupararira dzakasiyana siyana mugovanisi dzidziso. Mumakore 30 XIX remakore, akawana vatsigiri vakawanda anoonga kuitwa muvambi pachikoro utopian gutsaruzhinji - the Count pakati Saint-Simon. Iye nevateveri vake, rinozivikanwa sensimonistov, yakanyorerwa kukumbira vanhu France chete pashure mukukunda pokuchinja rechipiri uye mumakore vakatodzidza yakawanda enyika uremu.

Uyezve, kupararira pfungwa wakanyatsojeka uye zvokurarama kugadzirwa vakabatsira vanhu vakawanda mabasa Proudhon uye L. Blanca. Somugumisiro yaJuly umambo muFrance kazhinji yakazununguka chikuru yakakurumbira mhirizhonga kuti akatora vaakasarudza mugovanisi hunhu.

Nemhirizhonga kutanga pamusoro 30s

Vakava pachena kuwedzera zvikuru muna November zvakafanana muna 1830, apo musoro achangogadzwa nehurumende, Jacques Lafitte akanga kuronga paitongwa vaimbova Cabinet vashumiri, akaumba kare Kutonga pachigaro King Charles X.

Folk revanhu nomuzvarirwo kuunganidza mumazuva iwayo mumigwagwa Paris, vachirayira kwavari rufu, uye matongero upenyu mujeri zvaiita kwavari zvakare kungozviregerera mutongo. Yomuka maererano nyonganyonga ichi vakaedza kushandisa Socialist, ane chinangwa chaiva kutungamirira nyika kuti chimurenga itsva.

Added huni dzomoto, uye vatsigiri kudzorerwa hurumende mutana uye kugadzwa pachigaro choumambo muduku, Henry V, uyo nyasha abdicated ichangobva pachigaro mambo. In February 1831 vaironga kuratidzwa, achichipa okurangaridza basa rimwe mutsa zvomufi gore asati mumwe mugari wenhaka pachigaro - the Duke pamusoro Berry. Zvisinei, chiito ichi akauya panguva isiri nguva, uye akatsamwa zvaunga ndokuputsa kwete chete chechi, pakange kuitwa, asi imba Archbishop.

The kumukira hurumende Louis Philippe

Panguva 30-ies of July umambo vanodzedzereka zvinoverengeka dzakakurumbira yokumukira. Remasangano vavo yakarongwa June 1832 kuParis, nhengo repachivande kuti "kodzero dzevanhu", vachitsigirwa nevanhu vakawanda vokune dzimwe nyika vatama. Vapanduki zvakavaka kwezvinovharidzira uye kunyange akazivisa nyika zvokuvhoterwa, asi pashure kurwa vakapararira nehurumende nemauto.

Other guru kutaura iyi yakaitika makore maviri muSierra Leone. It wakatsamwisa hasha mapurisa Varwisei masangano enyika. Mukati memazuva mashanu gendarmerie mauto akaedza taramba zviri kwezvinovharidzira yakaitwa vashandi, uye kana vakabudirira, kufanorongwa nomunzira kumboitika ropa.

Muna 1839, nguva mhirizhonga dzakabviswa Paris. Ivo vakava initiator rezvematongerwo enyika sangano pakavanda, akavanda pasi zita rekuremekedza rekuti "Company kwemwaka." Iri kuratidzwa nokudenga kuvavenga hurumende akanga woutsinye, uye vaikurudzira aro kururamisira.

Chigaro vaMambo

Kuwedzera vakawanda kuratidzira zvainanga pakaparadzwa King Louis-Philippe hurumende mumakore aya kwave kuita nevanhu 7 kuedza musi hwake. The kupfuura nomukurumbira vavo akaronga Corsican Zhozef Fieski. Kuuraya mambo, iye akagadzira, akavaka uye yakaiswa pachivande pamusoro wayo nzira mamwe nemamwe magadzirirwo zvinosanganisira 24 mhosva kwepfuti emiti.

Apo mambo wakakwidzwa naye conspirator akaita volley simba, umo Louis-Philippe haana kukuvara, asi vanhu 12 kubva dzakapoteredza navaranda vakaurayiwa uye vakawanda vakuvara. Revapanduki pakarepo akasungwa uye nokukurumidza guillotined.

The hondo venhau uye vashumiri shanduko

Zvisinei, mukuru ngozi mambo akabva venhau, iyo July umambo akapa rusununguko kupfuura nowakautangira zvayo, Bourbon utongi. periodicals Vazhinji havana kuzeza kutsoropodza pachena vose Louis-Philippe, uye akasika hurumende. Havana kurega zviito zvavo kusvikira zvakanyatsorongwa kuronga pamusoro mumatare aya.

Matambudziko July umambo zvakajeka delineated kakawanda rokuchinja Makorokota ecabinet, akatanga muna 1836. Musoro hurumende Fransua kuGizo uye Louis Philippe pachake ari kuedza streamline basa chemhando simba, uye panguva imwecheteyo kuvimbisa zvose kushorwa dzeparamende uye vakawanda.

Panzira, munhoroondo yenyika pane mienzaniso yakawanda sei simba uye vasingabatsiri vatongi vakaedza kunonoka pokuwa nehurumende zvakatangwa kakawanda vashandi kuchinja. Zvakakwana kuyeuka "mushumiri leapfrog", anotangira kuwa Imba Romanov.

The Mamiriro nezvaiva muParamende

The Prime Minister kwenguva refu akwanisa nounyanzvi kufambisa pakati mapato nguva, kuisa mberi-siyana zvinodiwa. Somuenzaniso, rinopikisa dynastic anoda kuchinja yeparamende kuti aizopa dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende kodzero zvinzvimbo siyana paruzhinji rwevanhu. Naivowo vakasimbirira pakuwedzera nevanovhota pakatanga ake Mapato matsva vanhu.

Pasinei nokuti zvinokonzera kuti July umambo vaiva kusagutsikana ari bourgeoisie reactionary maitiro aimbova hurumende, ivo pachavo vasina kukwanisa kuisa mberi chero okunyanyisa wandei.

Zvakatoipa zvakaita vamiririri zvakanyanyisa rworuboshwe bapiro. Vakaramba pakatanga kunyika yezvisikwa suffrage uye kugadzwa dzinoverengeka dzokunamata takasununguka, vakanga vanzwa zvakawanda kubva Socialist.

With vakawanda mavhoti mu Paramende wevatariri kumuteerera, Guizot kukunda nyore chete vasingadzoreki, asi pamusoro kupikiswa wokumwe, runoratidzwa-achiwedzera yakakurumbira Kusagutsikana, akanga asina simba. Kwete chete nenyika, asiwo mugovanisi mafungiro munyika dzose gore yakawedzera, uye vakanga vasina kushora.

Napoleon kuti chipoko

Kana zvinokonzera kuti July umambo dambudziko nhema kunyanya kushaya vakawanda Kusagutsikana kutsvaira kuchinja kutarisirwa pashure pakaparadzwa Charles X, ipapo kuwa mutsivi wake, Mambo Louis-Philippe, zvikuru akatungamirira kungonyuka kukurumbira pakati Napoleon Bonaparte.

Kutsigira pfungwa kudzokera hurumende hurongwa iyo asati kudzorerwa umambo (1814), vakabatsira zvinooneka kuti hurumende pachayo. Chisarudzo chake madota guru Corsican yaitakurwa kuna Paris, uye chifananidzo akatasva pamusoro Vendome mbiru, inomira pakati guru French uye anofungidzirwa akakanda kubva atora pfuti Russian.

Posthumous kusimudzirwa zita Napoleon akasimudzira kubudikidza akakurumbira voruzhinji nenguva, zvakadai yakakurumbira dzakaitika Lui Adolf Ter uye vanyori Pierre-Zhan De Beranger uye Zhorzh Sand. Panguva iyoyo pasi enyika jengachenga zvose zvakajeka silhouetted mufananidzo mwanakomana womunun'una mukupera Emperor - Charles Louis Napoleon.

A wechizvarwa mambo

Sewedzinza dzechifananidzo nokudenga, akaedza kaviri kutora nesimba havaratidzi vakarongeka uye mediocre chinozoiswa kubvuta masimba kuedza, izvo Louis-Philippe haana kuzviita kuti kukosha kana kunyange vakasungwawo kurwiswa yavo. Zvinongoreva haina kurapwa zvakakomba.

Zvisinei, zvinhu zvakachinja zvikuru pashure Louis Napoleon yakaumbwa akapoteredza vakawanda uye chaizvo mumiririri webato. Mumwe vatungamiriri ayo aiva enyika akakurumbira dimikira yaitonga Odilon Barrot. With ake chiedza muruoko rinopikisa kufamba akatora chimiro kunzi mabiko chirongwa.

Mabiko, kuchiguma chimurenga

Zvaiva kuti wokutanga Paris uye gare gare mune mamwe maguta France, kuti varege kutyora mutemo pamusoro misangano, izvo akabvunza kubva varongi kuti vawane mvumo nezviremera zvomunzvimbo, yaiitwa chaizvo neruzhinji mabiko, iyo inounza pamwechete zviuru zvakawanda vanhu.

Vakaiswa matafura waini uye hors d'oeuvres, randakapiwa Assembly maonero, kunyange vazhinji, asi kwete anorambidzwa mabiko mutemo. Pamberi vaenzi vakanga Chiso chinopenya pamwe vakurukuri waini, zvino dzatora nzvimbo nevakawanda pamatafura. Zvisinei Kuziva chokwadi zvinokonzera chikonzero mabasa, zviremera,, haaigona kuita chinhu kuwana mhosva, uye ndaitaurisa nezvekodzero dzevanhu chipatapata.

Kwakadaro wandisa mitambo, ronga vapfumi enyika, akatungamirira, pakupedzisira, kune chinotevera French Revolution iyo kwakaguma February 24, 1848 Korol Lui-Philippe abdicated.

Migumisiro July umambo vakanga kungogumira pakuti nyika, akamira panotangira mutungamiri wayo wokutanga paakagadzwa muFrance - Lui Adolf Napoleon. Fate aizofanira nacho, mushure maviri akatadza kuedza, iye kubvuta masimba pakupedzisira akasvika nesimba pamutemo zvinoreva, ndokuburukira munhau pasi nezita Napoleon III.