Chii nyaya kusarudzwa? Nokubudirira maberekero ano

Selection chimwe sayenzi kupfuura ano uye kukura. Nemhaka kuita ayo ndakasika mhando itsva zvipenyu, izvo mauya makomborero akawanda kuvanhu. Subject nyaya, zvinangwa uye chikuru zvataurwa maberekero ichakurukurwa munyaya yedu.

Subject uye sarudzo mabasa

Chii nyaya kusarudzwa? The sainzi kuvandudza raivapo uye nekukudziridza itsva dzinoita mhuka, chirimwa nemarudzi uye zvigare. chidzidzo Its kudzidzwa uye Implementation ari kuita zvakananga mifananidzo shanduka yavo. Nokubudirira ano maberekero nhoroondo ezviuru chicherwa kuti muviri womunhu. The yokungotaura Panobva mirayiridzo iyi nezvimwe sayenzi - genetics. It anofunga zvinhu yedzinza uye variability zvose zvipenyu zvose.

The chikuru zvebasa maberekero ndiko ruchikonzera hunobudirira akasiyana zvinomera uye iwane mhuka. Uyezve, masayendisiti ari kuedza kuunza vanhu vari vane mwero kuti zvinhu zvakatipoteredza uye Kuchinja vanoshorwa divi kwavari. Micro-zvinenge dzinoturwa se yakawanda. Izvi kuramba mutational pezvakaitwa uye kupesana yevanhu anobatsira kwemabhakitiriya masero.

Basic nzira maberekero

Chii nhau selection, takazoziva. Asi sezvo vose zvinenge vakadzidza yakasiyana mumwe mu marongerwo uye maitiro, neimwe pane zvakasiyana mapoka nzira. Kubvira kare, vanhu vakashandisa kunyange mukusaziva vakasarudzwa. The kusarudzwa ndiyo nzira huru. Pamwe naye vachishandisa hybridization uye zvinoitwa mutagens. Panguva ino padariro pakukura rinoshandiswa vangasimudzira itsva experimental nzira - kuvabereki uye masero mapurani.

hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu

Pari, utachiona pezvakaitwa uye nehurongwa vane pamwero maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Mugumisiro vakawana zvikuru siyana zvigare, tsika masero uye nyama Zvirimwa uye mhuka. Zvino nebudiriro maberekero ano pave dzinongoitika chigadzirwa pamwe zvakafanorongwa ehupfumi.

Zvinoumba chirimwa maberekero

Saka zvinokosha yepakutanga chimiro - kuti ndiyo nyaya kusarudzwa. Zvisinei, ari kunyanya nemamiriro chirimwa achibvumira kushandisa chete vamwe nzira rokusika zvinhu zvitsva inobva chepakutanga. Izvi inbreeding, polyploidy, uye hybridization mutagenesis. Pakati pavo tinogona kusimbisa zvikuru chetsika. Izvi zvakasiyana vakasarudzwa rudzi uye hybridization. Kuunza siyana chitsva akaziva quality, zvakakodzera kuitisa kunzwisisa mashandiro. It iri kusarudzwa pakutanga siyana uye hybridization zvichiteverwa vakasarudzwa. Nomutowo uyu, nokutaura iyo boka richitora mazamu ne apuro pakubika uye chando zvinokosha zvakanga vakawana mhando tichibatanidza zvinokosha ehupfumi VaNefirimu.

Kubudirira chirimwa maberekero ndiyo nzira heterosis. Kuti aite izvi, unofanira kuuya yakazvimirira yakatevedzana mitsetse dzakachena, uye ipapo kuyambuka navo mumwe. Zvinoguma hunobudirira akasiyana zhinji muchero uye zvadzinofura zvirimwa.

Chiitiko pamusoro polyploidy chinhu vakawanda kuwedzera nhamba okutodza. Pakutanga, zvakanga zviri mamiriro dzinongoitika nzira apo vachibatwa mutagens zvinomera. Panguva ino pachikuva, Breeders kazhinji kuita pamusoro masero diploid alkaloid colchicine. Vakawana chimiro makawedzera nembereko kuenzaniswa Muongororo yekutanga. A genotype ikaita tetraploid kwavo.

mhuka dzokupfuya

The mhuka dzokupfuya anoshandiswa nzira siyanei, nekuti havana vanokwanisa vegetative kubereka. Masayendisiti vanoshandisa kazhinji munhu pakusarudza uye hybridization pakubhadhara maviri. Kana inbreeding kuchengetwa kuwedzera homozygosity, zvinoita kuti degeneration kwemarudzi uye kurasikirwa zvayo zvinokosha unhu. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, Breeders chinjana pfupi uye outbreeding. Zvinokosha munhu masayendisiti akakwanisa kupinda michinjikwa nevanhu zvakasiyana kwemarudzi. Mienzaniso zviitiko zvakadaro vakaberekwa maberekero mbongoro uye bhiza - manyurusi, uye mhou Yak - haynak. Dambudziko nderokuti vazhinji vanhu vakawana kubva michinjikwa dzakadaro chena uye havagoni kubereka rakaorera vana. Anosiiwa mutemo uyu liger uye Tigon, nhunzvi izvo vanokwanisa kwohumwe kubereka.

Tupukanana tusingaoneki, uye kunyanya maberekero kwavo

Zvino, ngatimbotsvakayi kuti chii nyaya kusarudzwa zvigare. Ndiyo mhando dzose prokaryotic utachiona, majemusi, notumwe chete-celled uye ezasi zvinomera - algae. Vakawanda vavo vari manyuko mishonga, zvokudya yokuvirisa, fetiraiza, anoshandiswa gadzira waini, chingwa nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka. Kuti ibudise anokosha uye zvibereko tisawirirane mu maindasitiri kugadzira, unofanira kuenda mumatanho akawanda. First kuzivikanwa akatsiga zvikuru masero. Hwaro kusarudzwa uyu magene kushanduka. Uyezve utachiona zvinokosha kubatwa mutagens. Pashure zvakakodzera kuziva masero akawanda zvibereko vakatobatana akachinjwa genotype. Vakasarudzwa miitiro inoburitsa zvinhu zvakanyatsofanana vari pasi kudzokororwa ndima dziri itsva kukura svikiro. Uye utachiona kare vakasarudzwa zviri inoparadzirwa pamusoro muindasitiri akamboona.

Tarisiro kukura hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu

Nokubudirira maberekero ano yakabatsira kugadzirisa zvinetso zvakawanda zvinokosha. Somuenzaniso, imwe achangobva pacharo, tibudirire chirimwa akasiyana uye dzinoita mhuka vari kubatsira zvokudya nzvimbo nyika dziri kunyanya kubatsirwa.

Kushandiswa vermicompost uye fetiraiza kuti dzinobva chemotroph uye earthworms vanotibatsira nokukurumidza ikure chirimwa vakawanda. Kana tichishandisa zvinhu vakawana Breeders, ivhu zvakanaka yaipiwa pamwe senitrogen uye phytohormones.

The kubereka zvinomera vari kuramba vachishandisa zvinyama tsika nzira, umo unokwanisa kuwana chakasimwa zvinhu haisi noutachiona nemavhairasi. Pahwaro Micro-zvinenge mumakore achangopfuura Breeders ndakasika itsva zvokudya mapuroteni kuti vari nani kunyura nemhuka.

Selection zvakare chikamu chinokosha yazvino neindasitiri inogadzira mishonga. With biosynthesis akagadzira mahormone, nemishonga, uye makemikari.

Saka, nyaya kusarudzwa zviri nzira paunogona kunatsiridza negoho hwokurima, zvokudya uye mishonga Mazinga. Pari, Vongai nebudiriro ano sayenzi akasika mhando, dzinoita uye Micro-zvinenge, nokuda vazhinji matambudziko vanhu zvichapedzwa.