Chii chinoita kuti ivhu inotungamirwa? Ndezvipi zvinhu zvevhu inotungamirwa?

Earth - fuma vanhu vose. Uye isu tiri kwete kungotaura pamusoro nyika, asi vo ivhu reserves yawo pamusoro. Pasina kwavari, paisazova akadaro siyana kasvisto uye heterotrophs (kusanganisira mhuka uye munhu), pfungwa, asingagoni kuonekwa. Vose pamusoro pechiso chenyika nyika pasi yakaumbwa zvachose? In ichi "mhosva" chinoita kuti ivhu inotungamirwa. More chaizvo, rimwe rose boka wavo.

The huru kupatsanura

V. V. Dokuchaev aidavira kuti anofanira dzinounzwa kuna shanu ivhu-nokuumba zvinhu:

• Mubereki dombo.
• Climatic parameters. Kazhinji, okunze ave chinhu ivhu inotungamirwa runoonekwa masayendisiti akawanda ane kiyi nechinzvimbo, sezvo basa rayo zviri hunoshamisa.
• Flora.
• Fauna.
• The Nzvimbo uye kufamba kwenguva.

Asi ichi hachisi zvose zvinokosha zvinoita kuti ivhu inotungamirwa. Nhasi, masayendisiti anodavira kuti pasi rino anogona kuwedzerwa zvinzvimbo zviviri: kuitwa mvura (kunayisa) uye mabasa evanhu. Zvino isu anofanira kunzwisisa zvose zvinhu zvakadzama, kukurukura unhu hwavo. Saka, chinhu chinokosha ivhu - kuti nefuma, iyo chamuita pasi.

mabviro matombo

Sezvo inogona vakaonga, ndidzo zvicherwa izvo kamwe kuumbwa uye anoramba kuumba yakaorera (kana kwete) ivhu. Zviri padombo guru kuvimba zvemaziso, mumuviri, zvemakemikari, uye zvimwe zvivako ivhu. Saka, ivhu, pakutanga kuumbwa, somuenzaniso, girenayiti uye matombo zvakafanana, haagoni kuva akaenzana avo kuti vanobva tuff uye pumice.

Ndezvipi kupi yamatombo? Vane igneous, sedimentary uye metamorphic. Nenzira, uye girenayiti uye pumice tuff pamwe - igneous yamatombo, asi ivo kuti ivhu zvakasiyana. Chii chinombodiwa kuvimba, sezvinoita chinhu ivhu zvakafanana?

Sezvo Nezvekwakabva ivhu zvivako kunobva?

The makemikari mineralogical Zvinoumba izvo hakubvi chete pamusoro mhando, asi pamusoro dzakananga nzvimbo yaro mavambo anoridza rakakura basa ehupfumi ivhu rukoko. Saka, kana munhu chicherwa carbonate, ine alkaline maitiro (kana pedyo kwazvakarerekera), ipapo kuumbwa anoritsanangura nokukurumidza anotanga kuunganidza ivhu manyowa uye anowana kumusoro kubereka. Saka, chikuru zvikonzero zvevhu inotungamirwa kunokosha zvikuru, nokuda kwavo yakananga kukanganisa kukura zvinogona Goho ramangwana.

Kana dombo iri acidic, azvaiitwa zvose kakawanda nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva. In Kana kana zvicherwa ine yakawanda mvura-soluble munyu, ivhu "vakawana" wo wakawanda. Mukuwedzera, zvikuru uye magadzirirwo, nokuti anosarudza kupisa vanokwanisa, mwando tigutsikane uye vamwe parameters zvakakosha kuti chokuita zvakananga kuorera ivhu mune dzimwe nzvimbo.

rubatsiro

chinhu ichi ivhu inotungamirwa kashoma kurangarira, asi pasina. Mushure Nzvimbo zvose zvarinoita kuparadzira zuva mwaranzi, mvura, uye zvimwe zvikonzero pamusoro pemvura yamatombo, zvokuti runotsamira zvechadenga pasi, iyo pakupedzisira anochinja "goho".

Kukuru zvose, chinoratidza pacharo munzvimbo yemakomo munharaunda umo huripo kufurirwa kusiyana, kupenya uye zvinoshamisa zvakasiyana tembiricha ezvinhu. Pano, zvikuru ndezvaiye mhepo makore uye convection, somugumisiro iyo Mavhoriyamu huru mhepo ine tembiricha dzakasiyana ikaridzwa akaramba yemakomo dzakatenuka. Munzira dzakawanda zvokuyamura, ave chinhu ivhu inotungamirwa inobvawo pane okunze zvechadenga nzvimbo, sezvo pasina wemishonga izvi zviviri zvinhu havagoni kuumba pasi.

Humidity uyewo zvinyamusi, uye mushure "perevalivaniya" mhiri pamakomo akatevedzana ari zvikuru ipfupi. Somugumisiro, dombo pakawanda zvinoputsa, osalivaetsya, collapses kuumba dzakasiyana kukura zvikamu zviduku.

Zvichida inokosha kuchiri kuitwa chiedza uye zuva nemwaranzi, izvo siyana okunze dzinodengenyeka dzakasiyana hurongwa zvikuru. Saka, muna mapazi enyika Far North nyika duku, uye vari varombo zvikuru, uye matombo anochengetwa zvakakwana ezvinhu. Enzanisa izvi munzvimbo mugwenga umo rudzi yagara pasi kusvikira ezvinhu dzechisoja silica jecha. Kana kutarira huru zvinhu zvevhu paumbwe Orenburg nharaunda, kukosha kusunungurwa achava zvakatonyanya pachena.

Munzvimbo chihombe basa reDare vanonzi syrty, kureva vanhu vade yakaderera anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Rakabatanidzwa sandarara nomunzvimbo dzine, Nzvimbo yakadaro zvichaitwa kumusoro velocity mhepo pamusoro pemvura mubereki dombo, iyo inotungamira avo vashoma nokukurumidza weathering uye kuparadzwa yaizotevera.

In izvi zvinhu, mwero kuunganidza manyowa (pacharo uye kuvapo Organic zvinhu) zvikuru dzinosiyana sezvo yakasiyana makemikari anoumba uye chikamu kunoguma lähikuva. Saka, zvichataurirana kunosiyana madhigirii chokubereka.

Ivhu mifananidzo, zvichienderana kusiyana zvokuyamura

Parizvino, zvinofungirwa kuti somugumisiro dzinongoitika pezvakaitwa zvingaite mhando nhatu ivhu, unonziwo "horizons ichinyongovedza":

• Automorphic marudzi. inotungamirwa yavo kunoitika pasi ezvinhu rusununguko chokubuda pemvura nemvura yakadzika-nhema hwevhu. Panyaya iyi, yemamiriro basa iri kuridzwa ne zvipenyu chinhu ivhu inotungamirwa.
• Semihydromorphic. Paumbwe nevhu izvi zvinoitika apo pose mwando anogona chero nguva stagnate pamusoro pemvura mubereki matombo uye ivhu mabhuku nhema vari kudzika hapana anopfuura matanhatu mamita.
• Hydromorphic nevhu. Saizvozvowo, kwakadaro lähikuva achiumbwa zviitiko apo pose mvura kwenguva refu anogona stagnate pamusoro pemvura yamatombo, uye ivhu mwando iri kudzika mamita matatu.

Muzviitiko zvose izvi, zvikuru kukosha chingava sezvo anthropogenic chikonzero ivhu inotungamirwa. Murume ari kosi yavo hupfumi zvinhu kazhinji drains the uye zvikazara munzvimbo yakakura panyika, iyo inobata zvikuru hunhu ivhu inotungamirwa.

erosive pezvakaitwa

Kana pemvura pamateru iri madhigirii 30 kana kupfuura, kuti Nzvimbo kunova kunyanya kukosha. Saka, pasi izvi ezvinhu, mazara mvura nemvura. It anoita akasimba zvikuru mhepo marudzi, izvo zvakafanana munzvimbo dzine sandara nomunzvimbo dzine kana apo yakatenuka pemvura iri dikisa. Kana tikatarisa huru zvinhu zvevhu paumbwe Orenburg nharaunda, izvi zviri nyore kuona. Munyika vari mukuru basa "abrasion" pamusoro rukoko chicherwa marudzi kuridza mhepo, iyo inogona kusvika chaizvo dzakakwirira velocities.

The kusunungurwa inoita basa rinokosha kunyange shanduka kwacho pakati nemiti mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Izvi zvakajeka zvikuru wakaratidzwa kuchinja riverbeds kana makungwa kuchengeta (kana ndiEzekieri, mafashamo nzvimbo). Izvi zvinotungamirira kuwedzera kana kudzikisa padanho ivhu mvura kuchinja ivhu pokumuka kutenderera (automorphic mhando rakachinjwa hydromorphic, kana vakutarisire).

simba pamusoro biosphere

Biological zvinoita paumbwe imwe ivhu riri kutungamirira. Chete pashure zvose panyika vaiva vokutanga zvipenyu, zvinogona kuva kuva musimboti. Pfungwa, chirongwa ivhu inotungamirwa pachayo inogona kuonekwa sechinhu chinokosha kusakarongeka pakati kurarama (Micro-zvinenge) uye zvisina upenyu (akaputsa pasi) hunhu. The chaizvo bhuku dombo mukufamba izvi nokururamisira wakashandurwa. Mukuru zvimiso kuona kuti chamazuva zvevhu inotungamirwa - achamhanyira pemvura nyika wakaisvonaka zuva simba.

Atmospheric magasi, kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka, avo metabolic zvigadzirwa - zvose izvi zvinhu uye mamiriro evhu inotungamirwa "Akatungamirirwa" kuti chokwadi kuti nhasi pasi petsoka dzedu pane yakaorera nevhu vanhu kukura chikafu pachavo uye zvezvipfuwo zvipfuwo.

Zvakare, kuti mhando "Energomera" ndiyo uwandu kuuya kwezuva simba. Pamusoro pemvura zvinobatsira Kutama zvicherwa (kureva zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa) kurarama. Sezvo zvichida iwe wafungidzira, tiri kutaura pamusoro nedanho photosynthesis. Uyezve, zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri simba rinoita yezwi kwevakafa chirimwa zvikamu kunyika zvisina upenyu nyaya. Nokuda chichiitika kuti zvinoitika vezviuru kana mamiriyoni emakore, redu ane yakasiyana "ivhu goko", ndiyo kiyi wembereko uye kubereka zvirimwa biomass.

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvinhu zvinofanira kutaurwa ivhu? Rondedzero yakanyorwa wechikoro, kunyange makirasi pakati, vaizongoguma munyaya akapoteredza nemiti yaro basa rinokosha kuunganidza manyowa. Uye zvamazvirokwazvo chokwadi!

Basa chirimwa nyaya

Mukuru "mutengesi" uwandu biomass yakakura yose pasi - kuti hwomuti. Uyezve, ivo kuunganidza rezuva simba (9.33 kcal / giremu). Sezvo avhareji yokudengenyeka hectare inokura matani gumi miriwo zvinenge kuunganidza pamusoro munzvimbo iyi inenge 9.33 * 107 kcal simba. Akadaro hombe mari kwete chete inoita basa rinokosha mune zvose dzinotsanagura ivhu inotungamirwa, asi rinogonawo zvinobudirira kushandiswa nemunhu. Saka kwete chete ndivo ivhu-Anoumba zvikonzero, muti, asi chinokosha simba mumhuri! muenzaniso wakakwana - the marasha, ane reserves ndivo incredible vanhu vakatanga kuzviita kushandiswa muzana remakore rechi19.

Autotrophs akabvisa zvose mubereki dombo zvicherwa pachavo uye pashure kuti mudzoke kunyika yakaoma Organic yeimwe kubva vakazochinja kwaanoda manyowa. Zvimwe yeimwe aya vakadzokera shure zvakare apo crow zvavo mvura akafa chirimwa residues. pezvakaitwa ava dzinonetsa zvinokonzera uye pave nevhu, kusanganisira noruvara nokusanganisa zvakasara mubereki dombo uye makemikari nyaya.

Nzvimbo chirimwa biomass wevasungwa

Ndezvomuzvarirwo kuti mumasango vari pfungwa dzakawanda bhuku muriwo biomass. Asi ichi - haisi chaizvo yakarurama pfungwa, sezvakaita kukura aro akakura rinowanikwa chete inowanzorimwa rokufambira, apo kwete asingasviki 85% of vaunganidza makemikari nyaya unodzokera ivhu. Ndokusaka muna steppes okupedzisira zvakawanda yakaorera kupfuura mumasango, apo ivhu unhu panyaya iyi havasi zvakare "kunoshamisa". Kureva, ivhu zvikonzero, muchidimbu kutaura, akasiyana zvikuru, kunyange kana kunze zvakafanana.

Nei izvi zvichiitika? Chokwadi chokuti Ndashambidza musango kubva ivhu yakaderera manyowa kugutsikana, vazhinji chicherwa uye Organic zvinhu nokungoita kuitwa mumhepo unyoro. Mugore herbaceous biocenosis chirimwa anoramba zvakasimba chakatsindirwa pamwe kuumba hombe ivhu horizons. Izvi zvinhu zvinobatsira kuti paumbwe peat, sezvo rezasi tiers mwando zvikuru uye kwete zvakakwana okisijeni, izvo zvinogona inotokonya dzinotsanagura manyowa. Chiizve pane chinoratidza zvinhu ivhu inotungamirwa?

Padurunhuru zviri muvhu

Munzira dzakawanda, muitiro manyowa zvirimwa residues kunobva makemikari anoumba yokupedzisira. Saka, padurunhuru zviri tsono (i.e., nhamba yasara chicherwa zvikamu) haasi kupfuura 2.1%, uye Deciduous mumasango Nhamba iyi yakawedzera kusvika 4%. Mune steppes ari mwero nemadota kuti chirimwa residues vanogona kusvika 5-6 chete%, uye munyu murenje, mufananidzo uyu chinowedzera 14% zvachose! Zvisinei, mukupera nyaya, mutengo unokosha ane kwete, kubva 90% kubva chicherwa zvikamu - zvose zvakafanana yavaibvisa chloride, calcium potassium, izvo yakatarwa vari munyu marshes pachavo.

Plants dzinoratidzwa chokuti kubvira nevhu nedzimwe chicherwa sezvamunoita vari kutora chaizvo uwandu munyu uye yeimwe, zvavakanga chaizvoizvo kuti kukura. Somuenzaniso, mune zviyo uye diatoms yakakwirira kwazvo mumisasa yacho zvinhu Anonyanyowanika dzinoratidzwa chete silicas. Muvhu, nzvimbo ino chaiyo Kuwanda yeimwe izvi zvinogona kuva kunyora nezvavo. Desert miti - kupfuura unoshamisa muenzaniso aya, sezvo kuine zhinji kwazvo chicherwa munyu.

Nei vachida kubatana izvi? Ndicho nyore - jecha umo autotrophs izvi kukura chaizvo murombo kwerunyararo zvose zvakafanira zvinhu kuti zvirimwa zvine yokuchengetera mukati muviri wayo chete.

Basa mhuka

Asi kana ari pachikoro kana sangano iri rokudzidzisa uchava akabvunza: "Ndezvipi zvinhu ivhu inotungamirwa," usakanganwa kutaura guru rinoitwa fauna of. Mhuka pakugadzirwa rakaorera inoitawo basa rinokosha. Pano, zvinhu kukosha ndechokuti muvhu pachayo kumusha zviuru zvakawanda Dzimwe mhuka uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvigare. Vane "basa" kupwanya uye emhodzi zvakawanda uye vaiitawo wayo hunotevedzana pamwe dambudziko ivhu horizons.

Mhuka uye nedzimwe mhuka dzose vertebrate kusika yakadzika iri pasi burrows that dzavo uye matendere. Moles, Chidembo makonzo, pasi squirrels nezvimwe burrowing zvisikwa vabvise dzapasi padombo kumusoro. Maiva muna avo munzvimbo yakawanda mhuka idzi (inowanzorimwa), vakapfuma dema ivhu. Earthworms uye mazana uyewo anoshanda yakawanda basa pamusoro Kushandurwa makemikari chezvinonhuwira ivhu kupinda manyowa. Uyezve, invertebrates vakamutsa organics uye Inorganics. Sezvo nomwoyo rwokuzvarwa ivhu-nokuumba zvinhu, vanenge kuti kumhanyisa ari kuunganidza makemikari nyaya.

Chokwadi, kuwanda hwemhuka nyika yaro kusiyana zvachose novimba zvose Nzvimbo uye okunze zvinhu. The siyana kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka, nani uye "Qualitative" inotengwa panguva goho ivhu, ndipo nayo makemikari zvinhu uye yakakwirira kubereka.

okunze zvinhu

Pakupedzisira, funga okunze ave chinhu ivhu inotungamirwa. Kubva nenzvimbo uye okunze kunotsamira zvikuru Zvaringana kutarisa Kazakhstan uye Gobi Desert. On nzvimbo inobvawo pane yaipedzerwa vanopenya simba yokusvika pepasi. Saka, zviri mukurusa panguva neequator, riri shoma - panguva danda. ezvinhu zvose kukanganisa kwemasayendisiti ivhu inotungamirwa. Pano ari sei ivhu rakaumbwa? ivhu inotungamirwa Zvinhu kuvimba zvikuru vo okunze.

Munzira dzakawanda, ekunze uye okunze kunobva kukwira pamusoro pegungwa. Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti pane mhando mbiri okunze: makro uye micro. Kudeuka muupenyu paumbwe ivhu uye mhepo vari rakasiyana-siyana kunayisa. The zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana okunze, zvikuru "mavara" anotendeuka pasi panguva goho. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi kupisa kurapwa inoita basa rinokosha mune ivhu kupisa chinzvimbo. izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka mumakomo, pamwe zvakasiyana slant hukawanika.