Environmental kodzero uye zvakatipoteredza nokubatira vagari venyika Russian Federation: mukuru maitiro, ukama

Environmental kodzero uye zvakatipoteredza nokubatira vagari - ndiyo chinhu chinokosha munhu rose pamutemo, izvo richiparadzirwa munyika mundima ano mamiriro. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti akadaro zvinhu kana mitemo inoshanda kuvatorwa uye vanhu vane mugari kweRussia, kureva, vagari venyika.

Chinokosha kurudyi: kodzero upenyu

Environmental kodzero uye mabasa aiitwa nevagari enshrined mune Russian Constitution. Chinhu chinokosha chinhu pamusoro pamutemo kwazvakaita iri kodzero yevanhu upenyu - urongwa aya ari Article 20 Basic Mutemo Russian Federation. Kodzero upenyu hwakavakirwa mabasa akawanda dzakawanda mumatare hunhu:

• Charter on Human Rights.
• Stockholm Declaration uye zvichingodaro.

Pane yose yemarudzi zviridzwa, izvo vanogamuchirwa nemasangano hurumende, sezvo mutemo mumwe nhengo kana madhipatimendi dzeUN. Pamwe navo pane kuva emunharaunda pamutemo mabasa, izvo zvinoshanda pamusoro dzimwe ndima ndokugamuchirwa nezviremera zvomunzvimbo, dzakadai Council of Europe.

Chimwe anopa ichi pahwaro vose dzakabudirira kodzero zvezvakatipoteredza uye mabasa aiitwa nevagari, ndiwo Declaration of Human Rights, iro rakagamuchirwa kunyange asati paumbwe Russian Federation sezvo yakazvimirira yepamutemo mamiriro.

Key zvezvakatipoteredza kodzero uye mabasa aiitwa nevagari havana kodzero kuripo pasina pamutemo enshrined dzevanhu nekodzero upenyu.

Kodzero utano ezvinhu

Environmental kodzero uye mabasa zvemhoteredzo vemunyika vari fanira zvinosanganisira kodzero nzvimbo utano, izvo zviri zvinhu zviri pamutemo chiito yokudzora zviri pamutemo.

11 Article kunonyanya inorondedzera "kugonesa ezvinhu". Zvinoita kudaro dzinongoitika ezvinhu, kuburikidza icho anochengeta dzinongoitika kushanda zvepanyama features, zvinhu zvipenyu, mhando dzemhuka zvinomera uye zvichingodaro. The dzinongoitika zvakatipoteredza anofanirawo kushumira zvinokosha nheyo pokumuka zvivako zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza, uye kutevedza mitemo akagadzirirwa nechokwadi yakachengeteka upenyu uye utano vemunyika, kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Zvakanaka mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza vanofanira kusangana zvinodiwa kuona kwayo dhigirii kwezvakatipoteredza kuenderera, utsanana, siyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu, uye zviwanikwa upfumi zvavo.

zvezvakatipoteredza mitemo maitiro

Kodzero Environmental uye mabasa zvemhoteredzo vemunyika vanoremekedzwa pamusoro ezvinhu kuti mhosva dzose zvinodiwa, zvinoti kwava sezvinotevera (hwakagadzwa Article 20 Federal Mutemo "On kwezvakatipoteredza."):

• Group mitemo, kuyera kwezvakatipoteredza unhu. Nokuti chikuru Specification ino rakundwa nemakemikari maitiro, semuenzaniso, padanho Kuwanda radioactive zvinhu zviri mudenga. Pamwe makemikari Data vachishandisa panyama zviratidzo, kunyanya akadai padanho radioactivity nokupisa.
• Group mitemo kuti munguva zvipenyu zviratidzi kwezvakatipoteredza. Sezvo ushe, zviratidzo kuyerwa kukarukureta zvinomera nemhuka marudzi, uyewo mamwe huripo zvinenge. It anoshandisawo tsika kunonyanyisa bvumidzwa Kuwanda zvipenyu zviri zvakatipoteredza.
• Wechitatu boka ratios dzinokurukurwa unyanzvi. 23 Mutemo, uye ari dzinoratidzwa bvumidzwa kuona zvakasikwa, kureva, anoti zviratidzo zviri bvumidzwa choutsi ose zvinhu; nezvekugadzirwa kudya uye kugadzirwa namatongo; mitemo muviri kukanganisa zvakatipoteredza.
• Zviratidzi ose anthropogenic mutoro zvakatipoteredza.
• Mamwe zvinobvumidzwa parameters uye ratios zvinogona wakasiyiwa mitemo yeUnited Russian Federation.

Panewo mirayiro kuti kudzivirira nezvakatipoteredza kodzero uye mabasa vanogara Russia, isina rakananga ukama zvakatipoteredza. Kunyanya, boka iri zvinodiwa chokuita nokushanda richiitwa munzvimbo nokure kwezvakatipoteredza kudzivirira mabasa. Uyewo, pane zvausingakwanisi kuita chokuita zvoupfumi basa uye ayo hunotevedzana inokanganisa zvakatipoteredza. Separate howa kuzvidzora mitemo ndiro basa achivaratidza marezinesi kuti tiite mamwe basa chokuita basa kusakarongeka pamwe zvakatipoteredza.

Vagari 'kodzero mashoko

Environmental kodzero uye zvakatipoteredza nokubatira vagari sechinhu chinokosha che kodzero kupa hurumende vagari kuti mashoko zvakatipoteredza, uyewo pawaiva. Mutemo chikuru 24 Russia Article rinoti ose mugari ane kodzero yekuwaniswa avo zvinhu zvakananga kukanganisa kodzero dzavo uye rusununguko, kana chiri munharaunda pamutemo chiito kana hunhu kuita vatevedzere Somuenzaniso, mutongo wedare.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kodzero yakafanana nezvakatipoteredza uye mabasa aiitwa nevagari vakafanira chokukomborerwa kukura ano wehurumende, sezvo emakore mashoma apfuura, zvinetso zvose zvakatipoteredza kuti nokusingaperi hwaivapo munyika, vakanga vakakomberedzwa haachinji vanzurudzo. Panguva iyoyo zvinhu pakatarisana zvinoreva chose, sezvo Constitution of Russian Federation pamusoro vakuru vane pamutemo mutoro yokuvanda chokwadi uye ezvinhu kuti vangangokukuvadza utano uye upenyu vemunyika.

Chimwe chinhu kodzero mashoko ndiyo dziviriro uye uoinde kuti ruzivo, achiudza nezvemigumisiro tsaona zvezvakatipoteredza; yokuzivisa mashoko pamusoro kuchengeteka sei Municipality uye zvichingodaro. Information izvi mhando havagoni kuva mamiriro "mashoko vanoumba ezvinhu. muchivande "ukuwo, uye kuwana kwavari havagoni kuva shoma. Kare pamusoro apa mashoko akanga semhosva "Nokuti Official Use Only." Sezvo Mapoka aya magwaro anowanikwa Zvokukurukura chete vamwe Mapato ose vashandi, rirege seva nechokwadi zvizere uye rakavhurika kuwana ruzivo urwu kuti zvizvarwa zvose.

Nzira pakutevedzera kodzero mashoko

Environmental kodzero uye mabasa aiitwa nevagari zvishoma nokudzorwa Constitution kwete chete, asiwo vamwe NPA, kusanganisira mutemo "On mashoko", izvo zvinosanganisira zvinotevera nzira ezvidzidzo kodzero mashoko:

1. Kudzidza mashoko ose paruzhinji pfuma vakasununguka kuwana. Chokutanga, vanoshandisa zvose vane zvakaenzana pamutemo panyaya kushandisa upfumi; Chechipiri, hapana vanoshandisa havadikanwi kuti vataure chinangwa uye hwaro akagamuchira mashoko. The chete Kunze ndiko mashoko vanoumba ezvinhu pachivande, uye wakati Classified.
2. Kuburikidza Implementation kwezvirongwa kuzvidzora masangano epamutemo masangano zviri ndima nevanhu kuwana ruzivo. Kuwana mamwe mashoko, sangano anekodzero zvinozivisa mashoko pamusoro mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza pakati zvavo.
3. Implementation nevazhinji ruzhinji ruzivo kuburikidza sangano basa nhengo dzomutambo. simba uye nemakanzuru kuzvitonga. Upolnomochennnye tinosungirwa kusika yomunharaunda mashoko pfuma, uyewo kushandisa masimba pamusoro masangano omurume pamusoro kwezvakatipoteredza ruzivo.
4. Kwidza nyaya kumatare kuitira kuti adzivirire kodzero ruzivo.
5. Kuburikidza Implementation kodzero yomunhu muripo nokuda kukuvadza kunobva kukundikana kupa ruzivo pamusoro kwezvakatipoteredza kana yakakanganiswa mashoko.

Nekodzero yokukwirira kudare pakudzivirira kodzero

Environmental kodzero uye mitoro yose Russian Federation vagari enshrined mubumbiro iri ehurumende uye zvinosanganisira kwete mudukusa, kodzero wese - nekodzero yokukwirira mudare kudzivirira kodzero uye rusununguko.

simba iri unozvipiwa:

• Kuona nheyo legality, iyo vakuru vose postulates mune zvose zvatinoita mutemo, richipa runovimbisa kuzadzika kuziviswa mitemo.
• Adzivirire pamutemo wezvizvarwa mukati zvavo repamutemo kwezvakatipoteredza hweHIV.
• Vasinganyatsooni vemo 'kodzero kukuvadza kunokonzerwa zvisiri pamutemo zviito mvumo vanhu anokonzera kudzivirira imwe nzvimbo kudzivirira zvakatikomberedza.
• Regulation webasa matare uye mabasa avo kuti kudzivirira vagari 'kodzero.

Kodzero reparation

Chimwe chinhu, izvo zvinosanganisira kodzero zvezvakatipoteredza uye mabasa vagari yeRussian Federation, zvakarurama vagari 'kuti muripo, wakagadzirirwa chokuita basa zvakatipoteredza kutyorwa. kodzero iyi ngadzirambe dziri Art. 42 yeRussian reMitemo. Uyewo zvakazara kodzero reparation inopiwa muna Federal Mutemo "On kwezvakatipoteredza", iro rinotaura kuti munhu pakuparwa kuvadza zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza ino anofanira kubhadhara zvakakanganiswa zvakakwana. Mugumisiro zvinokuvadza kungaratidzwa se:

• kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza zvavo;
• Kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza pfuma;
• zvakakanganisika uye kuparadzwa dzinongoitika nezvinhu;
• unsustainable kudyiwa zviwanikwa;
• kudzikisirana uye kuparadzwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza hurongwa, zvivako uye zviwanikwa nharaunda;
• vaite dzimwe mhando zvigumbuso, izvo inopiwa yeUnited, mamiriro uye nemakanzuru mitemo ezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza kwezvakatipoteredza.

Environmental kodzero uye mabasa Vagari Russia vanoti zvakakanganiswa somugumisiro mabasa kana zvimwe zvinhu, zvinofanira akaverenga maererano nemimwe mitemo. Zvichienderana nharaunda inogona dzaona nokuda mvumo nemakombi kana dzimwe nzira kuti pakuverenga kwezvakatipoteredza kukuvara. Kana havapo, ipapo chikwata chinobviswa mari yaidikanwa kuti adzikunure chaiko mari kudzorerwa zvakasikwa. Muchiitiko chino, zvinogona kucherechedzwa chakakonzerwa namaneja Nokurasikirwa uye kurasikirwa mubereko.

Muripo anogona kubhadharwa kana nokuzvidira kana maererano sarudzo Supreme kuyananisa Court of yacho. nyaya All nechokuita nekuripira zvakakanganisika, uyewo dzimwe kodzero zvezvakatipoteredza uye mabasa vagari vari nokudzorwa Constitution of Russian Federation, Federal Mutemo "On kwezvakatipoteredza", Criminal Code uye Administrative Code, uyewo mamwe NPA.

Kodzero kuronga

Kunyanya kodzero zvezvakatipoteredza uye mabasa vagari Russian Federation vari waitsanangura mubumbiro. Ichi normative gwaro, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu, uye sezvo rimwe kodzero akaparidza vagari kodzero kumisa shamwari, nheyo uye vamwe vasiri zvokutengeserana masangano, izvo vanobvumirwa kuita zvinhu pamusoro zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza kwezvakatipoteredza dziviriro.

Chinangwa kusikwa nemasangano - kudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza kubva pamutemo encroachments pamusoro mamwe masangano uye vanhu. Uyezve, masangano aya rudzi paruzhinji kudzora kuchengetwa mitemo zvakatipoteredza. Masangano aya uyewo kodzero kudare dare kuti kudzivisa mhosva uye yaiva kwemitoro pamusoro kubviswa kukuvara pfuma.

Mabasa vagari wokuRussia Federation pasango mutemo kwezvakatipoteredza

The pamutemo ose mugari wenyika yacho harisi chete kodzero asiwo vamwe mabasa. Environmental kodzero uye mabasa aiitwa nevagari uye yeshamwari ari ndima pamwe kodzero utano ezvinhu anosanganisira mutoro kuti uchengeteke.

Mabasa zvavakatemerwa neHurumende uye pamwe nemimwe mitemo yokuzvibata. The nokuiswa bumbiro mufambiro chokuita zvinodiwa yomuka munzanga uye kudiwa dzakananga murau evanhu ukama. General maitiro kodzero zvezvakatipoteredza uye mabasa vemunyika rinosanganisira vaitire ouchenjeri kushandisa zviwanikwa, musengwa kudzosa anetseka ikoroji mhuka nemiti upenyu, nokuti kudzivirira zvezvakatipoteredza kutyorwa uye zvichingodaro. The chikuru mazita mabasa vagari Russia ndiyo sezvinotevera:

• kudiwa kubhadhara mitero uye mari yechikoro, izvo ngadzirambe dziri Tax Code of Russian Federation uye zvinodikanwa kuti vabudirire mari zviyero kudzivirira ndokudzorera hunhu;
• Zvinoshingaira mabasa musi Environmental Protection Agency, nokuti kudzorerwa kwaro;
• zvinoenderana nezvakatipoteredza unhu mitemo, nomutemo, utsanana-epidemiological mitemo, kupa akachengeteka panguva imwe mhando basa, hupfumi chekuita zvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza;
• vawande uye adzivirire zviwanikwa uye pfuma;
• kubatanidzwa mune zvakatipoteredza dzidzo chizvarwa chevechiduku, kurera zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza ruzivo vokuparidzira;
• maererano nemitemo dzezvakatipoteredza;
• kuchengetedza zviwanikwa nharaunda;
• kuita mirau zvemhoteredzo zvinoenderana kwezvakatipoteredza kurambidzwa;
• shandisa Real Estate uye mutemo kwezvakatipoteredza, kwete kupfeka kukuvadza mhoteredzo.

Kuita mabasa inopiwa zvirango, izvo vanoitwa wakasiyiwa mamiriro. Kana kutyora kwemitemo sechinhu mvumo nomukuru administrative yakaisvonaka kureva mugari, uyewo mhosva kusunga. Chero chiyero basa zvavakatemerwa nemijenya kana mutongo pamusoro dare.

The ukama kodzero zvezvakatipoteredza uye mabasa

The ukama kodzero zvezvakatipoteredza uye mitoro vemunyika anonyanya zvinooneka pakuti, pamwe chete, zvinhu izvi zvinoumba pamutemo wose mugari iri nzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza. pfungwa iyi, uye chepiri ndiyo chinokosha mukuru zviri pamutemo ezvinhu neimwe mugari Russia uye vagari vatorwa, ndeyedu vanhu, uye zvichingodaro.

Uyezve, zvinokosha kuziva kuti chero rworudyi mugari Ibasa ehurumende, asiri pawakaperera nako rinobatanidza chiyero yepamutemo kuita kushandiswawo vakuru. Zvakangofanana sezvo vasiri kuzadzika mabasa vatakanzi chizvarwa anopa hurumende kodzero yokushandisa zvimwe zvirango pamutemo.