Chemical ehupfumi zvitsigiro

Zvigadziko zvacho yeimwe dzine mbiri huru STRUCTURAL zvinoriumba:

1. Gidroksogrupp (imwe kana kupfuura). Saka, nenzira, uye zita zvinhu izvi chechipiri - "hydroxides".
2. The simbi atomu kana Ammonium Ion (NH4 +).

Title zvigadziko anowana kubva tichibatanidza vose mazita yenhengo dzayo; semuenzaniso, karusiyamu hydroxide, cupric hydroxide, sirivha hydroxide, etc ...

The chete Kusara kune Kazhinji nechigadziko inotungamirwa zvinofanira kufungwa Ammonium hydroxide, kana gidroksogrupp haana akabatanidzwa simbi uye Ammonium nokuo- nga (NH4 +). fuma iyi inogadzirwa nyaya apo pane kuparadzwa mumvura amoniya.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro ehupfumi pamusoro pezvingoro, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa pakarepo kuti gidroksogrupp Valence akaenzana kubatana, ukuwo, nhamba mapoka aya Morekuru achavaponesa chii Valence nhaka reactive simbi. Mienzaniso iyi nyaya anogona kushumira payakavakirwa zvinhu zvakadai NaOH, Al (OH) 3, Ca (OH) 2.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro ehupfumi mumuviri chikonzero, zvinokosha kuziva kuti vose pasina chaakasiya - nezvishoma ndivo mavara zvikuru siyana. Muzviitiko apo gidroksogrupp nechokuita monovalent nesimbi, kazhinji kuumbwa nyore soluble chawo mumvura, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvose kunoguma nechigadziko nezvinoita mvura kushanda insoluble. Avo vari nyore soluble nemvura, vanonzi alkalis. Ndivo mishonga nengozi zvinhu kungatikanganisa kuti ganda uye mucous membranes. Kunze monovalent nesimbi, alkali uye chimiro anonzi alkaline-pasi nesimbi - somuenzaniso, akadai barium, strontium.

Chemical ehupfumi insoluble nezvigadziko vavete chokwadi kuti yeimwe idzi kana chikuru kana amphoteric hydroxides. Wokupedzisira vavo zvaanoita pamwe acids azviite alkali, ndiEzekieri, kuwadzana alkalis, acids zviratidzwa zviratidzo. Properties insoluble nezvigadziko zviri zvinowanzoshandiswa chiedza uye rinorema indasitiri.

Chemical ehupfumi zvigadziko hwakaratidzwa siyana yavo acids, munyu, dzimwe nezvigadziko, uyewo zviratidzi avo chiito. Kunyanya, alkali anogona kuona kana ravo mhinduro kushandira mumwe chakarurama. Muchiitiko chino, zviri zvinooneka kuchinja ruvara rwayo, somuenzaniso, imwe litmus bvunzo yacho chena akatendeuka zvitema, uye phenolphthalein - razibheri.

Chemical ehupfumi ose nezvigadziko anooneka kudyidzana kwavo acids, kutungamirira wanda rinozivikanwa neutralization. Musimboti chakadaro maitiro kuti simbi maatomu kubatana iine acid vakasara kuumba munyu, uye gidroksogrupp uye rehydrogen Ion, kana zvabatanidzwa, vari vatendeuka mumvura. The neutralization maitiro, ichi kuita anonzi nokuti pashure pacho haana alkaline kana acid.

Mamirire kwemakemikari zvivako hwakaratidzwa zvigadziko uye vaite pamwe munyu. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti soluble munyu iri kuita anouya chete alkali. The STRUCTURAL zviri izvi zvinhu kutungamirira kuti munyu itsva, munhu mutsva, kazhinji insoluble, nechigadziko ari kuita.

Pakupedzisira, makemikari ehupfumi kuti chikonzero zvakanaka kuratidza pachavo panguva chafariz nomugumisiro pavo - kudziyisa. Pano, kuita zvimwe kuedza, zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti zvinenge nezvigadziko zvose, kunze alkali, kana neshungu vazvibate aiminama. Ruzhinji vavo zvinenge pakarepo uchiora munzvimbo runoenzanirana oxide uye mvura. Kana tikatora pechingoro nesimbi akadai sirivha nemekiyuri, chaiye ezvinhu vasingagoni kuwanikwa, sezvo kare tanga anoora mumupanda tembiricha.