Amphoteric hydroxides - hunyambiri hunhu nyaya

Kune hydroxides izvo sei pamwe acids uye nezvigadziko, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. yeimwe izvi nedzokunze hunyambiri hunhu dzinonzi amphoteric hydroxides. Vari inoumbwa simbi nokuo- nga uye hydroxide Ion, uyewo zvose pezvingoro. Kugona kuita acids uye nezvigadziko nhaka hydroxides chete avo ane vari sezvamunoita dzavo nesimbi akadaro :. Iva, Zn, Al, Pb, Sn, Ga, Cd, Fe, Kr (III), etc. Sezvataona kubva Periodic System D. I. Mendeleyev, hydroxides kuumba hunyambiri hunhu simbi dziri pedyo vasiri simbi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vakadaro zvinhu zviri kuchinja siyana, uye kupesana pamusoro nesimbi uye nonmetals pachinzvimbo zvemasanga.

Amphoteric hydroxides vari zvakasimba weupfu dzakarukwa zvakanaka crystalline zvinhu izvo vanowanzobatwa chena dziberekane regai mudutu mvura uye zvishoma conductive (simba electrolytes). Zvisinei, vamwe nezvigadziko izvi zvinogona zvazvichanyungudutswa acids uye alkalis. Dissociation "Dual kubatana" iri aqueous dambudziko kunoitika kuburikidza asidhi-chawo mhando. Izvi imhaka ndechokuti chengetedzo simba pakati simbi maatomu uye okisijeni (kwandiri- D) pakati okisijeni uye rehydrogen maatomu uye (G - H) anenge vakaenzana, i.e. Me - O - N. Naizvozvo, zvisungo izvi achavhuniwa panguva imwechete, uye izvi zvinhu -dissotsiirovat cations H + uye OH- anions.

Zadzisai hunyambiri hunhu yeimwe izvi kuchaita amphoteric hydroxide - Iva (OH) _2. Funga kukurukurirana pamusoro beryllium hydroxide ane asidhi uye chawo.

1. Iva (OH) ₂ + 2HCl -BeCl ₂ + 2h ₂ O.

2. Ivai (OH) ₂ + 2KOH - K ₂ [Iva (OH) _4] - tetragidroksoberillat potassium.

Muchiitiko chokutanga, kuti neutralization zvakaitwa kunoitika, mugumisiro unova paumbwe munyu uye mvura. Kana yechipiri, maitiro chigadzirwa ndiyo chisinganzwisisiki akakura. Neutralization kuita ndizvo vose, pasina chaakasiya hydroxides, asi kubata zvakafanana unhu chete amphoteric. Dual ehupfumi kwakadaro anooneka uye zvimwe amphoteric remubatanidzwa - oxides simbi pachavo, izvo aumba.

Other makemikari ehupfumi ose hydroxides vakadaro yo zvose pezvingoro;

1. Thermal manyowa, maitiro zvigadzirwa - the runoenzanirana oxide uye mvura: Iva (OH) ₂ -VeO + H ₂ O.

2. neutralization maitiro pamwe acids.

3. Zvaakazoita pamwe acidic oxides.

Zvinokoshawo kuyeuka kuti pane zvinhu kuti murege dyidzana amphoteric hydroxides, i.e. makemikari maitiro haridzimi, ndiko:

1. non-simbi;
2. simbi;
3. insoluble vakaisvoipa;
4. Amphoteric hydroxides.
5. avhareji munyu.

yeimwe aya yaunganidzwa precipitating ari unoenderana alkali munyu mhinduro:

BeCl ₂ 2KOH + - Iva (OH) ₂ + 2KCl.

Munyu dzezvimwe zvinhu panguva kumashoko kuumba hydrate, Zvivako zvacho chakada inotevedzera kuti hunyambiri hunhu hydroxides. Pachavo pamwe hunyambiri ehupfumi zvitsigiro chikamu zvicherwa zviri muchimiro uye izvo kuitika muropa (bauxite, goethite, etc.).

Saka, amphoteric hydroxides - a chicherwa fuma, izvo zvichienderana yezvakaita nenhumbi zvinopinda navo zvakaitwa, anogona kuita sezvo zvigadziko kana acids. Kakawanda anoenderana amphoteric oxides ane runoenzanirana simbi (ZnO-Zn (OH) _2; BeO - Iva (OH) _2), etc.).