Mossbauer chaizvoizvo: zvinokonzerwa zvakawanikwa uye kukosha

Nyaya hurukuro nezvezvinotaura Mossbauer kushanda. Also pachena Pfungwa dzakadai quantum simba mumatunhu ari atomu uye mabhomba neerekitironi, yakasimba uye seboka quasiparticle mairi.

kwemasvomhu mafaro

A budiriro iri wefizikisi yakaitika gumi remakore rechimakumi maviri okutanga, masayendisiti vakakumbira ruzivo zvakakomba masvomhu. Vazhinji zvakawanwa kunge atendeuka, saka kutaura, pamucheto wezasi wenzeve rezvipfuwo; pakutanga vakanga dzaona hunonzi uye kuwanikwa uchidzidzira.

Somuenzaniso, kuvapo rinokweva mafungu nezvacho Einstein muna 1910, vakakwanisa kusimbisa experimentally chete muna 2016. Kwemapazi Nyuturoni nyeredzi maviri akasika chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine nzvimbo kuti pano wefizikisi akabatwa uye yakatarwa nguva yokuchera rinokweva kuyerwa vari sayenzi vanhu. Ndosaka giravhiti kutaurwa pano, kureva kuti zvidzidzo ndehwevakadai Mossbauer kushanda ukoshi. Asi ichi ndicho Kusara pane mutemo. Kakawanda, theorists uye experimenters vanozopinda pane mumwe zvebhiza, imwe ongororo chamuita kuti kudiwa tsananguro yacho akarongeka, uye zvakaomarara mhedziso anova nokufungidzira idzva, achigere kugamuchira dependencies. Mössbauer mugumisiro aiva mumwe akadaro mananara. "Divi" Muitiro kwakadaro ndiko kubvuma uye Max Planck akaratidza pakupera 1900. Rakati kuti munyika maerekitironi uye mabhomba nuclei, zvakawanda zvose zvinogona chete kutora discrete tsika, kuti quantized. Uye, mune ake, kuti raingova kwemasvomhu Wandinyengedzerei, yakaitwa pakuverenga nyore. Kusvikira pakuguma hwake aidavira kuti quantum, kana ruduku zvinoita chikamu Somuenzaniso, chiedza - nzira yakakodzera chete kurondedzera, kwete kutakura rakakomba chaiyo.

The quantum nyika

Zvisinei, dzimwe nyanzvi kuziva tsanangudzo zviri kuitika pamusoro pamwero kwemaatomu zvakakwana, vaiona zvinogona ane mhedziso zvakadaro, uye akatora kumbofungisisa zvose zviri quantized. Maerekitironi akapoteredza musimboti anogona chete kuva nechokwadi kutenderera nuclei pachavo vanogona chete kuva zvakananga simba mumatunhu. Kurovha therebetween, nuclei chamutsa wegamma mwaranzi. Mossbauer zvazviri anoti zvakaitwa vanofanira kubereka chokudzoka mutsa, asi izvi hazviitiki. Kazhinji, zvose zvizhinji kuti ritsanangure maitiro ari nanoworld inozviisa quantization - kuti discrete. Asi usakanganwa kuti tichimhanya kuti macrocosm chinoratidzwa sezvo zvibereko mwero vakawanda kuti zvokutanga nezvimedu chimwe chinhu chakasiyana, izvo zvinoreva kuti iye, hazvina quantized. Saka gwaro nesayenzi umo Maks nepuranga yaiwana akakurumbira payakavakirwa ake kuti rine kukosha H, kana usingashandi chaizvoizvo akazarura kwenguva itsva. Izvi kwaiva nguva yose quantum wefizikisi. Mossbauer zvazviri, kududzira, iyo gare gare kupiwa Fani iyi, vava chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha kwawakabva nemasayendisiti remakore rechimakumi maviri.

Yawanikwa Mössbauer kushanda

Sezvataona pamusoro apa, mashoko yokungotaura ndezvipi vakaenda ruoko kuedza. Vamwe mhedziso anoshandisika akaratidza miti unganidzwa chaizvoizvo "pamusoro ibvi" uye akabuda chinyorwa zvinhu. Masayendisiti vakakwanisa kuratidza kwete nzira, asiwo asimbise chinu, kucheka bhodhi kushanda pamwe simbi uye ndichaunganidza installation. Chokwadi, musoro mumarabhoritari chete ipfupiso migumisiro kumawadhi avo. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe experimenter aivawo munhu injiniya, sezvo Namano yakagadzirirwa nokuda kwezvinangwa chaizvo, uye zvakananga pakutsvakurudza kwacho. Ndaiva asingasiyi uye Mossbauer kushanda. izvozvo Opening haana kutora nzvimbo kana vakasindimara doctorate Rudolf Mossbauer havana kuchinja nzira kuyera ari kutonhora Unit, pane muchidziisa nayo, sezvo zano nokuda foromani yezvidzidzo.

simba

Fungidziro, iyo tichazvidudzira vaverengi muchikamu chino, zvinoita pachena pakutanga kuaona. Zvisinei, sokuziva, nyore nguva dzose inowana incredible kuita. Uye saka tava kukwanisa kuudza nemashoko nyore izvo Mossbauer kushanda yokuti Dummies sezvariri, kamwe aishanda yose murabhoritari.

Under yakasimba iri kazhinji zvaireva fuma iri crystalline mamiriro. The nuclei kwemaatomu muchiitiko ichi kuumba yakaoma nguva nenguva yekamuri, nepo maerekitironi pakawanda muchidimbu. Chokwadi, simbi crystals vakaumba chaizvo chaizvo esimbi chisungo kuburikidza iyo musimboti zviripo kuti kuparadzana generalized maerekitironi. The Erekitironi gore unorarama rakazvimirira mutemo wayo, kwete kuteerera nomufambiro sekristaro napamahwindo. The crystals izvo kupa zvakawanda zvetsika Ionic uye covalent zvisungo, asi maerekitironi kunyatsotevera chokuita nuclei "yavo". Asi pane vakasununguka kutamira pakati pedyo nodes kupfuura gasi kana mvura.

Solid vakaisa ehupfumi kwete chete zvine maatomu akafanana zviri mazviri, asiwo symmetry pamusoro urongwa kwemaatomu hama kune mumwe. Mugore klassiske muenzaniso kabhoni mamiriro zvinowanisa nyoro graphite, uye mumwe - chakaomesesa dzinongoitika zvinhu - nedhaimani. Saka chii mhando maererano, uye symmetry pamusoro chikwata sero kureva Mujenya yakaoma muviri. The ehupfumi pakati yakasimba uye ndicho Kuziviswa zvakataurwa Mossbauer kushanda. hunhu waro chinotsanangurwa sezvinotevera: ose maatomu ari hwakasimba zvinobatana.

seboka quasiparticles

Zvino chifungidzira rimwe zvakakwana guru-dimensional matatu napamahwindo. Nokuti muenzaniso kupfuura rakakodzera munyu: Na uye Cl dziri mune vertices ari cubes, mumwe pashure pomumwe. Kana zvimwe dzinovabata rimwe atomu uye amuburitsa kuputsa vanongogara nzvimbo nepakati, kuonga kuti zvakakwana vanachandagwinyira kubatana, pashure pacho akakoromora yakavakidzana maatomu. Masvomhu anoratidza kuti kuchinja nzvimbo chinoumba ane dzinenge chero chinokosha kukanganisa vavakidzani wechitatu kurongeka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana "dzinovabata" yavaibvisa, kutevera kudhonzwa pedyo kuiisa chlorine maatomu, yavaibvisa maatomu kumutevera mumwe wejira paiva kuiisa chlorine. Igaroziva ichi chinowanzoitika kuratidzwa mune zvose kumativi. Zvinonzi Kazhinji akati kuti rechina kuitira perturbation vavakidzani vari kunyora nezvavo. Zvisinei, havasi razero.

Naizvozvo, kana zvimwe "gogodza" sekristaro simba (semuenzaniso, kuti ndimutume munhu Laser kana Erekitironi danda), kuti sekristaro yekamuri vachatitaka "mafungu". Kwakadaro sangano seboka apo vazhinji pedyo maatomu ari sekristaro panguva kuizunguza kunzwa, semuenzaniso, kana pasi, akadana phonons. Available kurondedzera kuti Mossbauer kushanda yokuti dummies, isu hatingazvirumbidzi kupinda mashoko uye kukuudza kuti phonons akawanikwa azviite zvokutanga inoramba. Somuenzaniso, avo simba riri quantized, vane wavelength tichimhanya uye vanokwanisa kutaura nemumwe. Nokudaro, phonons dzinonzi seboka quasiparticles. nhamba yavo uye unhu muviri hwakasimba anopiwa chivako umo zvaitika. Change inogona, muchiziva kukura, symmetry uye mhando kwemaatomu ari chikwata muchitokisi. On panowanikwa phonon kukanganisa urefu uye mhando kusungwa pakati ions ari sekristaro napamahwindo.

bhendi dzidziso

Sezvo hwakasimba muchidimbu maerekitironi dzayo dzose, uye orbitals (saka simba ravo) anofanirawo generalized. Chokutanga, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti maerekitironi ndezvaJehovha kirasi iyi inoramba anonzi fermions. Fermi, Dirac uye Pauli pamwe kuwanikwa kuti mune rimwe mamiriro kungava munyika, chete chete PARTICIPLE kwakadaro. Kana tichadzokerazve muenzaniso munyu, mumwe sekristaro, izvo isu kusasa muto kana nyama kuitika Zvaifadza yakawanda yavaibvisa uye chloride ions. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo ane imwe nhamba maerekitironi, izvo tenderera pamusoro dzakafanana kutenderera. kuti unogona sei kuva? A yakasimba chinobuda ezvinhu sezvinotevera: simba neimwe Erekitironi orbiting kumativi musimboti, zvishoma wakasiyana nemimwe simba maerekitironi enzvimbo iyoyo muchadenga yomumwe atomu. Nokudaro vakawana: iri sekristaro ariko simba zvikuru zvikuru mumatunhu ayo akasiyana mumwe zvakakwana duku kuumba compressed nzvimbo. The perturbations izvo kusuma phonons diki nokuti mumwe atomu neeSultan havasi simba chaizvo. All kufunga kuti seboka inofamba yose. Saka, zviri phonon simba, sokunge "ichiputswa" munzvimbo simba. Zvichienderana ichi uye Mossbauer kushanda.

remagetsi pakafunuka

Kufamba mhosva inoramba iri pamwe ane remagetsi munda. Chokwadi ichi anoisa Somuenzaniso, mubvunzo wokuti nei imwe nyika uye satellites nhaka navo, apo vamwe - kwete. Remagetsi Mafungu inogona dziya kupinda makirasi maererano maitikiro dzavo uye naizvozvo simba. unhu maviri Ava interconnected uye kuvimba wavelength. Chii Mossbauer zvinogona zvishomanana chete, chero kuti muverengi anonzwisisa apo remagetsi chikero iri wegamma nemwaranzi. Saka, kuvhura sai akamboona. Tichingotarisa tikadzivisa wavelength yavo - miganhu muchadenga. Zvisinei, simba nemwaranzi yakadaro yaizova chiduku kuti hazvibviri kuti kunyoresa. Zvishoma yepamusoro kakawanda muna terahertz nemwaranzi. Zvisinei, zviri, uye redhiyo mafungu vari kuchengetwa chaizvo zvakananga ezvinhu: chinovhiringidza pamusoro maerekitironi ari remagineti, flexural vibrations pamusoro Polymers, kufamba excitons mu yakasimba. More pachena inotevera chikamu remagetsi chakarondedzera - the michini nemwaranzi. It Transfers simba ari muchimiro nokupisa. Kunyange yepamusoro simba chiedza zvinooneka. Kuti chikamu chakarondedzera kuti ziso munhu anoona zvikuru duku zvichienzaniswa yose akamboona.

Red chiedza ane yakadzikira simba, uye mushava - soro. Nezvenyaya iyi, tinoziva gangaidzo: mvura yakawanda inotonhora unoratidzwa zvitema, ane simba rakakwirira kupfuura chiedza dzvuku. Zvichitevera nechekare kuti ultraviolet chikamu remagetsi pakafunuka ane zvakakwana yakakwirira maitikiro dawo kuva hwakasimba. Pasinei chokwadi kuti vanhu, kufanana nezvimwe zvisikwa zvipenyu redu, musaonesesa ultraviolet chiedza, kukosha kwayo nokuti pakurarama zvoutachiona zvipenyu hwakakura kwazvo. Kwainyanya kubva ultraviolet kudzidza ndiko zuva. Yepamusoro simba uye mano munhumbi zvinhu zvakawanda ine X-ray. Panobva nemwaranzi akadaro deceleration kuti maerekitironi vari remagetsi minda. Maerekitironi ingava akasungwa, i.e. ndezvaJehovha maatomu uye wakasununguka. The dzokurapa mano ndangariro nenzira vakasununguka maerekitironi. Pakupedzisira, toughest uye chinonyanya pfupi-wave wegamma nemwaranzi.

Maekisirei uye wegamma

Mossbauer kushanda uye chikumbiro aro wefizikisi uye ouinjiniya anofanira kusiyanisa wegamma mwaranzi uye X-ray. By padanho simba uye, naizvozvovo, kuti wavelength vari navanopinda chaizvo zvakawanda bindepinde. Ndiko, pane wegamma uye maekisirei vane wavelength 5 picometres. Nzira dzakasiyana gadziriro yavo. Sezvakatsanangurwa kumusoro, X-nemwaranzi kunoitika apo deceleration pakati maerekitironi. Uyezve, mune dzimwe pezvakaitwa (kusanganisira yenyukireya) haazombotaurwi Erekitironi kubva yomukati goko zvakakwana rinorema atomu, akadai uranium exchange. Zvisinei, dzimwe maerekitironi vanowanzotevedzera kutora nzvimbo yake. kuchinja kwakadaro, uye kuva tsime X-ray. Wegamma mwaranzi dzinokonzerwa musimboti kuchinja kubva yakakwirira kufara mamiriro. nemwaranzi ichi ane unyanzvi matunhu rakapinza uye ionizes maatomu kuti interacts. Pakazoti kana wegamma Ray collides pamwe musimboti ane atomu, panofanira kuva anonzi kickback. Zvisinei, mune tsika Zvakazoitika kuti kukurukurirana pamusoro wegamma mwaranzi pamwe musimboti ane atomu zvake ari vanachandagwinyira muviri, zvakamubaya chisipo. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nokuti mamwe simba, sezvo vakanga "zvakazorwa" nokuda zvemagetsi zvisungo sekristaro, kutanga phonon.

isotopes

Mossbauer kushanda uye chikumbiro chacho hwakada kufanana nomumwe zvinoshamisa chokwadi: Chiitiko haangoiti zvinhu zvose zvine maatomu akafanana periodic table. Uyezve, zvinokosha chete vamwe zvinhu isotopes. Kana muverengi anongoerekana kukanganwika chii isotopes dzosa. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pamamiriro atomu iri electrically kwazvakarerekera. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane musimboti zvakanaka protons sekuda ari Erekitironi deko. Zvisinei, chinoumba chinewo Nyuturoni, PARTICIPLE pasina muripo. Kana kushandura nhamba iri musimboti, zvemagetsi kwavakarerekera haina kutyorwa, asi ehupfumi iri atomu achinja zvishoma. Uyezve, zvinoitika kuti kwakanyanya isotope riri radioactive uye asingatani kuora, apo zvavo nyaya akatsiga zvikuru. Zvikuru pasi nekongiri zvinhu vavo isotopes, izvo maererano Mossbauer kushanda inozivikanwa. Kuonekwa ⁵⁷ Fe Somuenzaniso, ari aiwanzovimba nokuda chiitiko ichi.

Kushandiswa quantum migumisiro

Zvibereko ruzivo, izvo kunosimbiswa munhu kana mumwe pfungwa chokuita nemaziso nyika, kazhinji hazvisi nyore. Uyezve, zviri kujeka zvii kuunza zvimwechetezvo Mossbauer? Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwayo, rakafara zvakakwana. Kuongorora zvivako zviri crystalline zvinhu, amorphous nezvishoma uye nenguvo dzakarukwa zvakanaka comminuted Nezvakakuyiwa kunoitika, kusanganisira to quantum ichi chinonakidza. mashoko akadaro zvinodiwa nokururamisira kure kubva tsika zvikamu (yokungotaura wefizikisi), uye ari pedyo chaizvo murume anoranga - zvakadai mushonga. Nokudaro, Mossbauer kushanda uye kushandiswa kwayo dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa sezvo muenzaniso yokungotaura zvakawanikwa, icho chinounza yakawanda makomborero, kunyange upenyu hwezuva nezuva.