Empirical evanhu muRussia

Muzana remakore rechi20, evanhu Western akacherekedza chinokosha-shanduka, saka zvino ari kunzwisisa hurongwa pfungwa, pfungwa, nzira uye pfungwa. Empirical evanhu zvinoreva inokosha Dzidziso pamusoro evanhu remakore rechi20, pamwe dzidziso zvemagariro kurwisana, kuti STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka pachisara sociometry, dzidziso yokufananidzira interactionism, pfungwa evanhu mukutsinhana uye phenomenological evanhu.

Empirical evanhu zvinosanganisira munzvimbo huru mbiri:

- Zvakarurama zvidzidzo empirical mu evanhu, basa ravo kuita tsvakurudzo dzakanangana nekugadzirisa rinoshanda, mabasa yakajeka.

- Academic empirical zvidzidzo zviri evanhu, basa ravo ndiwo paumbwe ruzivo nesayenzi nezvezvinhu mugadziriro evanhu upenyu zviitiko uye zvatichakurukura zvaizoshandiswa sezvo methodological hwaro Sociological tsvakurudzo.

Empirical evanhu kubva yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20 riri kukura kwete US asiwo Western Europe. Vamiririri chikoro empirical sei chaizvo-siyana-siyana zvinodiwa, asi matambudziko makuru solvable yokungotaura uye methodological hwaro tsvakurudzo, uyewo ukama uye kukurukurirana zvemaBhaibheri rakaiswa uye zvedzidzo munzvimbo.

Empirical evanhu muRussia zvakangonyuka pamberi chimurenga (P.Petrazhitsky, M.Kovalevsky and unto.) Uye pakutanga kwemakore gumi pashure (A.Gastev, S.Strumilin, A.Todorsky, N.Antsiferov, A.Chayanov, I.Bobrovnikov, A.Boltunov, M.Kornev, M.Lebedinsky, V.Olshansky and unto.). Empirical wemagariro evanhu muRussia mumakore 20 kudzidza zvinetso basa sangano, kuwedzera paumbwe tsika, mararamiro uye kugadzirwa, kurovedza yevashandi vaikodzera. Mukutanga 30-ies kuitisa zvidzidzo zvakadaro dzakamiswa ndokutangazve chete ari 70s (YuLevada, A.Zdravomyslov, I.Kon, G.Osipov, V.Rozhin ,, V.Shubkin, A.Harchev, V.Yadov and said.).

Nhasi Change visualizations nzira zivo. Somuenzaniso, VA chepfu anozivikanwa Russian nyanzvi rinoratidza zvinotevera hwevakuru empirical kutsvakurudza siyana yokungotaura kuswedera. Iye proposes kuvaka pamusoro yakadaro Pfungwa ine yokungotaura paradigms: kuti paradigm mu evanhu - ndiko kunzwisisa izere pamusoro interrelationships dzakasiyana-siyana dzidziso, kusanganisira:

a) kuitwa nevakawanda mhinduro kwouzivi wokuti "chii evanhu";

b) kuitwa imwe zvachose siyana matambudziko kuti kuongororwa mukati imwe paradigm;

c) kuziva zvimwe zvakafanana dzekuziva kuti ukoshi uye rakavimbika nhungamiro zivo pachinhu evanhu pezvakaitwa uye zvakavapo.

Pave Russia uye yskoy evanhu akadzokorora muzvikamu zvitatu:

1st Danho (60- 80s. Rechigumi nepfumbamwe remakore.). Pane evanhu kuMadokero uye kuRussia, uye, uye. It anoonekwa somunhu sainzi, iyo inoshandisa mamwe sayenzi se "yokuchengetera" chokwadi zvakakodzera pokumuka mitemo yayo evanhu simba uye statics. Panguva ino, vose evanhu zvakangonyuka nenzvimbo chikoro, organicism, zvepfungwa, asi socio-psychism uye kuzviitira chikoro.

Nyaya evanhu vakaumba nheyo ake pamberi munhu. Motive aiva chido nharo pfungwa Russian populism uye gutsaruzhinji.

mupfungwa mirayiridzo pfungwa Akaongorora inokosha basa nemagariro zvinoita kufurira kukurudzira maitiro evanhu.

2nd Danho (80 -. Rechi90 19.). Panguva ino vakaumba antipositivist chokugadza Marxism. Panguva ino M.M.Kovalevsky akasunungura basa rake "wemagariro evanhu". Ainzwisisa evanhu ari sayenzi yemhindumupindu uye sangano kwenzanga. Akasimbisa kuti evanhu akaoma zvakanyatsobatana zvoupfumi, mupfungwa, nenzvimbo zvikonzero, asi hapana mumwe wavo, panguva imwe chete, hariwaniki kusarudza.

3rd Danho (20-ies remakore rechi20). Mukusarudza zvikoro - chiNazi. Panguva iyoyo vakaumba "evanhu wechiKristu".

4th danho (C '80s remakore rechi20 kusvikira N.V.). A Danho idzva, kwakaratidzwa nokuchinja zvinoshamisa evanhu, izvo kunozivikanwa yakazvimirira nesayenzi.