Kukwana kutonga - ndiwo mugumisiro nesungano pakati alleles mumwe Gene

Kukwana kutonga - rinokosha mhando nekuita Gene allele, sezvamakaropafadzwa kurukutika recessive katsika rirege woutsinye zvachose zvakazara. Maererano nemitemo, yakazaruka Mendel, hune zvachose anovanza okuti ari recessive. The mutsvakurudzi akadzidza raidaidzwa zvakasiyana unhu mune zvinomera nokuratidzwa kana zvakazara kana recessive allele. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, Mendel nomubvunzo kukundikana mitemo, asi haana kuatsanangura.

A chitsva muchimiro nhaka

Dzimwe nguva, somugumisiro kuyambuka vazukuru nhaka zvenguva zviratidzo, izvo haana kuvapa homozygous muchimiro mubereki Gene. Kukwana kutonga akanga asiri mune Conceptual midziyo yose genetics kusvika mangwanani XX remakore, vakati rega mitemo Mendel vake. Zvadaro, dzinongoitika masayendisiti akawanda kuitwa nemagene kuedza pamwe miriwo uye nemhuka zvinhu (tomato bhinzi, hamsters, mbeva, muchero enhunzi).

Pashure cytological simbiso muna 1902, Walter Sutton Mendelian mifananidzo yedzimudzangara dzemitemo uye kudyidzana pamwe zviratidzo vakatanga kutsanangura nzvimbo nomufambiro okutodza muchitokisi.

Saizvozvowo 1902 Cermak Correns akarondedzera nyaya apo, pashure pokuyambuka zvinomera ne chena uye tsvuku Corolla mune vana vaiva maruva Pink ruvara - kukwana kutonga. Kuratidzwa nevaNefirimu (genotype AA) hunhu riri zvenguva hama kuti homozygous rave (AA) uye recessive (AA) phenotypes. A ndozvinoitawo akarondedzerwa vazhinji mhando maruva zvinomera: snapdragons, Hyacinth, akanaka usiku, mastrawberry.

Kukwana kutonga - chikonzero shanduko makemikari kushanda?

The mashandiro ari kuonekwa munhu pachake kuchiitwa rechitatu zvinogona kutsanangurwa kubva nzvimbo nebasa makemikari zviri mapuroteni pachisikirwo uye majini kuona puroteni mamiriro. The chirimwa ane homozygous hune genotype (AA) makemikari vaizova zvakakwana uye uwandu ruvara kuukurira inoenzanirana kuti kuzviita aizonyatsovachenesa muchitokisi muto.

Homozygotes vane recessive alleles (AA) ruvara usage wakaputsika whisk anoramba uncolored. Kana zvenguva heterozygous genotype (AA), hukuru Gene achiri anopa imwe mari pamusoro enzayemu anokonzera pigmentation, asi kwete zvakakwana kuti rakajeka mavara nomuti. Zvachinja noruvara "hafu."

Signs nhaka zvenguva mhando

nhaka kwakadaro kukwana yakawana zvakanaka pamusoro shanduka okuti zviratidzo:

1. Ruvara zvikuru. William Bateson, akayambuka sheche matema uye chena maGypsy erudzi ruchikonzera neminhenga sirivha. In tsanangudzo yevanhu ziso Iris ruvara goko kuri chipo rinoita mashandiro.
2. The mwero yokukomba zviratidzo. bvudzi munhu ari ndakatsungawo kukwana nhaka unhu. Genotype AA anopa rakamonana bvudzi, AA - dzakatwasuka, uye vanhu pamwe alleles vane Wavy bvudzi.
3. Kuyerwa zviratidzo. gorosi nzeve kureba iri nhaka maererano kukwana kutonga.

Mugore F2 chizvarwa phenotypes nhamba rinobatana nhamba genotypes kunozivisa kukwana kutonga. Test muchinjikwa kuona nevaNefirimu havadi, nekuti vanotarisa zvakasiyana chikuru mitsetse yakachena.

Cleavage pa kuchinjika zviratidzo

Complete uye kukwana kutonga kufanana Gene kudyidzana kunoitika maererano nemitemo svomhu pamusoro Mendel. Muchiitiko chokutanga, nhamba iri F2 phenotypes (3: 1) hakurevi uwirirane reshiyo yevana genotypes (1: 2: 1) sezvo phenotypically mubatanidzwa AA uye AA alleles kuonekwa chete. Zvadaro kukwana kutonga - machisa muna F2 kukura zvakasiyana genotypes uye phenotypes (1: 2: 1).

In Strawberry coloring I nhaka gore maererano kukwana kutonga. Kana kuyambuka chirimwa Red michero (AA) uye chirimwa pastries chena - genotype AA, chizvarwa chokutanga zvinomera zvose akagamuchira achabereka zvibereko ane vaaleanpunainen ruvara (AA).

Hybrids vari akayambuka kubva F1, F2 rechipiri chizvarwa nezvizvarwa kuwana ukama rinobatana kuti genotype: 1AA + + 2Aa 1AA. 25% of zvinomera vezera wechipiri ichapa tsvuku uye uncolored zvibereko, 50% of zvinomera - blue.

A zvakafanana chichachengetwa kumarudzi zviviri kuyambutswa wakachena mitsetse nemaruva akanaka usiku Corolla yepepuru uye chena mavara.

Features yenhaka munyaya hwenyama majini

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nhamba phenotypes yevana zvakaoma kusarudza sei magene anosangana. Muchizvarwa wechipiri kukwana kutonga kukamurwa zvakasiyana akatarisirwa 1: 2: 1 uye 3: 1 - zvakazara. Izvi zvinoitika kana hukuru kana recessive unhu ari homozygous hurumende akapa phenotype kuti haienderani noupenyu (inouraya magene).

In astrakhan makwai wachena ruvara vachangoberekwa makwayana kuti vari homozygous nekuda chikuru allele ruvara, kufa nokuti kuti genotype ichi kutyora mudumbu.

Muvanhu, muenzaniso hwenyama hune chimiro Gene - brachydactyly (korotkopalost). Chiratidzo padzakacherechedza ari zvakaitika heterozygous genotype, apo chikuru homozygotes kufa panguva tanga fetus.

Kungava inouraya recessive alleles. Jeko Sero kupererwa kunokonzera, panyaya mbiri recessive alleles vari genotype, kuumbika erythrocytes shanduko. masero eropa haagoni zvinobudirira kubatanidzwa okisijeni, uye 95% vana vane anomaly ichi vari vakaurayiwa yakachena nenzara. In heterozygotes ari dzakachinjwa chimiro masero matsvuku eropa haisi kukanganiswa zvokuti pamusoro chinhanho.

Cleavage pamberi zviratidzo inouraya majini

Pachizvarwa wokutanga, kana mayambuka AA X a kufa hazvizoitiki, nekuti vose zvizvarwa vachava AA genotype. Ipa mienzaniso zviratidzo kukamurwa Chizvarwa wechipiri zviitiko inouraya majini:

Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti sei apo vose vaipisa kukwana kutonga, uye mugumisiro kudzvanyirira haasaruri chepfungwa zvauya kubva kukurukurirana pamusoro Gene zvigadzirwa.