Maitiro e calcium. Properties of calcium. Calcium Formula

Pakati pezvinhu zvose zve periodic system, dzakawanda dzinogona kusiyaniswa, pasina iyo kwete zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokura muzvisikwa zvipenyu, asi zvakare hazvibviri kurarama uye kukura zvakajairika. Chimwe chakadaro ndeche calcium.

Zvinonakidza kuti kana zvasvika kune iyi simbi, sechinhu chakareruka, hachina chakanaka kune munhu, kunyange chakaipa. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuti titaure ions yeCa ²⁺ , sezvo huwandu hwemashoko huchioneka pakarepo hunoratidza kukosha kwahwo hunokosha.

Nzvimbo ye calcium mutafura ye periodic

Chimiro che calcium, sechinhu chipi nechipi chinotanga, chinotanga nechiratidzo chekugara kwayo patafura ye periodic. Pashure pezvose, inopa mukana wekudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peatomu iyi:

• Mutoro wekasiyo;
• Nhamba ye electrons uye proton, neutron;
• Dhigirii rekushisa, yakakwirira uye yakadzika;
• Electronic urongwa uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha.

Icho chinotaridzirwa nesu chiri mune nguva huru yechina kune boka rechipiri, guru guru uye rine ordinal nhamba 20. Uyewo Mendeleyev's chemicals table inoratidza hutomu hweatomiki hwekasiamu - 40.08, iyo inowanikwa huwandu hweiyo isotopes iripo iyo yakapiwa atomu.

Dhigirii yechipfuti chimwe chete, nguva dzose chinogara, chakaenzana ne +2. Iyo yakagadziriswa yakakwirira yecide CaO. Zita rechiLatini re-element ndiyo calcium, saka chiratidzo cheatomu Ca.

Kushandisa calcium sechinhu chakareruka

Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai, ichi chinhu chitsvuku, chichena chechiganda. Chirongwa che calcium sechinhu chiri nyore Ca. Pamusana pemakemikari ayo makuru, inokwanisa kugadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvikwata zvezvikoro zvakasiyana.

Muchikamu chakasimba chehurumende, muviri womunhu hausi chikamu chemuviri, naizvozvo inomiririra kukosha kwezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi uye zvekodhiki (kunyanya chimiro yakagadzirwa).

Icho chimwe chezvigadzirwa zvakajairika pasi rose, anenge 1.5%. Inotsanangura boka rezvisikwa zvealkaline, sezvo rinoputika mumvura inopa alkalis, asi mumasikirwo inowanikwa nenzira yakawanda yemaminera nemariti. Mune calcium yakawanda (400 mg / l) inowanikwa mukugadzirwa kwemvura yegungwa.

Crystal lattice

Chimiro che calcium chinotsanangurwa nehurongwa hwe crystal lattice, iyo inogona kuva yemhando mbiri (sezvo kune alpha uye beta fomu):

• Cubic face-centric;
• Mutumbi-unotarirwa.

Mhando yezvisungo mumamolekoro ndeyesimbi, panzvimbo dzemajeri, kufanana nezvose zvesimbi, atomu-ions.

Kuva munyama

Pane zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvezvinhu zvakasikwa izvo zvine chinhu ichi.

1. Mvura yegungwa.
2. Rocks uye minerals.
3. Zvisikwa zvipenyu (shells and shells, bone bones and so on).
4. Mvura yakadzika pasi pasi.

Iwe unogona kuziva mhando dzakatevera dzematombo uye emaminera, izvo zvinowanzobva mumagetsi e calcium.

1. Dolomite isanganiswa ye calcium carbonate uye magnesium carbonate.
2. Fluorite is calcium fluoride.
3. Gypsum is CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ O.
4. Calcite ishoko, limestone, marble ndiyo calcium carbonate.
5. Alabaster - CaSO ₄ · 0.5H ₂ O.
6. Apatity.

Inenge inenge mazana matatu emaminerari akasiyana uye mabwe ane calcium.

Nzira dzekuwana

Mukusununguka, zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuparadzanisa simbi kwenguva yakareba, sezvo makemikari ayo ari akakwirira, haugoni kuitora nenzira yakachena mumasikirwo. Nokudaro, kusvikira muzana remakore rechina rechina (1808), chinhu chakanga chiri mubvunzo chaiva chimwe chiitiko, chakatakurwa nafurafura yaMendeleyev.

Calcium sesimbi yakagadzirwa nemumwe wemakemikari wechiChirungu, Humphry Davy. Ndiye iye akatanga kutora zvinhu zvekubatana kwevhutti yemiginitari yakasimba nemasere ane magetsi. Kusvika iye zvino, kusvikira zvino iyo nzira chaiyo yekutora ichi simbi ndiyo electrolysis yemarita ayo, akadai se:

• Musanganiswa we calcium uye potassium chloride;
• Musanganiswa we fluoride uye calcium chloride.

Izvo zvinokwanisika kubvisa calcium kubva mumakisi yaro kuburikidza nekushandisa iyo aluminothermy nzira yakashandiswa zvikuru mumetallurgy.

Physical properties

Kuzivikanwa kwe calcium nemiganhu yepanyama kunogona kurondedzerwa nendima dzakawanda.

1. Nyika yose yakaoma pasi pemazuva ose.
2. Iko kunyauka ndeye 842 ^° C.
3. Iyo simbi yakanyorova, inogona kudurwa nevha.
4. Ruvara - chichena chichena, chinopenya.
5. Iine mudzidzi akanaka uye inopisa conductivity zvinhu.
6. Nenguva refu inopisa inopinda mumvura, saka inoporous state, kurasikirwa nemasitemu ayo. Nhamba yekubikira ndeye 1484 ^° C.

Izvo zvakagadzirwa calcium zvine chimwe chinhu. Apo pane kuomerwa kwesimbi, ipapo pane imwe nguva inopera midziyo yayo yesimbi uye kukwanisa kuitisa magetsi. Zvisinei, nehumwe huwandu huripo, hunodzorerwazve uye hunozviratidza se superconductor, kanoverengeka yakakwirira maererano nematongerwo aya kupfuura mamwe maitiro.

Makemikari zvinhu

Basa resimbi iyi rakakwirira chaizvo. Nokudaro, kune zvakawanda zvekubatana umo calcium inopinda. Kugadziriswa nevose vasiri zvishandisi kwaari - chinhu chakajairika, nokuti seanoderedza, ane simba zvikuru.

1. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaenzana, inogadzirisa nyore nyore nekuumbwa kwebhinari inobatanidza ne: halogen, oksijeni.
2. Kana kupisa: hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, silicon, phosphorus, boron, sulfuri nevamwe.
3. Mhepo yakavhara pakarepo inopindirana necarbon dioxide uye oksijeni, saka inoputirwa nemucheka mutsvuku.
4. Inopinda zvakasimba neacid, dzimwe nguva nekuputika.

Nzvimbo inofadza ye calcium inoratidzwa apo inosvika pairi mukuumbwa kwesaiti. Saka, mapako akanaka stalactites uye stalagmites iri kukura padenga uye masvingo haisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuwedzera kamuki kubva mumvura, carbon dioxide uye bicarbonate pasi pesimba rekuita mukati memvura pasi pevhu.

Tichifunga nezvekuti yakawanda simbi inoshanda sei muhurumende yakawanda, inoiisa mu laboratories, pamwe nealkaline. Mugirazi yakasviba ndiro, ine chivako chakavharwa zvakasimba uye pasi pepakisi yeaosene kana parafini.

A chimiro chekuita kune calcium ion inoratidzirwa yemurazvo mukanaka, rakapfuma-rutsvuku-ruvara. Uyewo, simbi iri mumakemikari inogona kuonekwa nemasikirini akaoma emamwe emashizha ayo (calcium carbonate, fluoride, sulfate, phosphate, silicate, sulfite).

Metal compounds

Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemishonga zvinowanikwa zvinotevera:

• Oxide;
• Hydroxide;
• Calcium salt (mashizha, acidic, basic, double, complex).

Calcium oxide inozivikanwa seyokurumidza. CaO inoshandiswa kusika chivakwa chekuvaka (lime). Kana iyo oxide yakasimwa nemvura, iyo inowanikwa yakafanana nehydroxide ichawanikwa, ichiratidza zvinhu zve alkali.

Iyo inokosha zvikuru inokosha iyo yakasiyana yeal calumum salts inoshandiswa, inoshandiswa mumatavi akasiyana ehupfumi. Rudzi rwenyu rwuripo, takatotaura pamusoro apa. Tinopa mienzaniso yemhando dzezvinokonzera izvi.

1. Ivhareji yemaawa ndiC CaCO ₃ carbonate, Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ phosphate nevamwe.
2. Acid - hydrogen sulfate CaHSO ₄ .
3. Iyo huru ndeye bicarbonate (NaOH) ₃ PO ₄ .
4. Complex - [Ca (NH ₃ ) ₈ ] Cl _2.
5. Kaviri - 5Ca (NO ₃ ) ₂ * NH ₄ NO ₃ * 10H ₂ O.

Icho chiri maitiro emakemikari ekirasi ino kuti calcium inokosha kune zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu, sezvo sarti inobva kune ion yemuviri.

Biological role

Chii chinonzi calcium inokosha kumunhu wemunhu? Kune zvikonzero zvakawanda.

1. Ndiyo ion yeiyi chinhu icho chikamu chemukati wezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye mishonga inokonzera mvura, inobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa nzira dzekunakidza, kubudiswa kwehomoni uye neurotransmitters.
2. Calcium inounganidza mumapfupa, enamel muhuwandu hwe2,5% yehuwandu hwehutatu hwemuviri. Izvi zvakanyanya kwazvo uye zvinotora basa rinokosha mukusimbisa zvivako izvi, kuchengetedza simba ravo nekusimudzira. Kukura kwehupenyu pasina izvi hazvibviri.
3. Ropa rekuvhara ropa rinotarisanawo nevei mubvunzo.
4. Icho chikamu chemutsipa wemwoyo, kupindira mukukurudzirwa uye kupesana.
5. Iye ari mubatanidzwa mune zvinoitwa zveexocytosis uye mamwe maitiro epracellular.

Kana huwandu hwekasaiti inopedzwa hahukwanisi, ipapo kukura kwezvirwere zvakadai se:

• Rickets;
• Osteoporosis;
• Zvirwere zveRopa.

Chimiro chezuva nezuva kune munhu mukuru ndeche 1000 mg, uye nevana kubva makore 9, 1,300 mg. Kuti udzivise kuwandisa kwechikamu ichi mumuviri, haufaniri kudarika chidimbu chinoratidzwa. Kana zvisina kudaro, chirwere chepachifu chinogona kukura.

Kune zvimwe zvipenyu zvose, calcium haina kukosha. Semuenzaniso, mhuka dzakawanda dzisingatauri, kunyange zvazvo dzisina skeleton, asi nzira dzomumwechete dzokudzisimbisa dziriwo maitiro esimbi iyi. Pakati pavo:

• Mollusks;
• Mussels uye oysters;
• Sponges;
• Coral polyps.

Zvose zvinopfeka musana wavo kana kuti zvakasikwa pakuita basa rinokosha kune dzimwe skeleton dzomukati, dzinovadzivirira kubva kune zvinowanikwa kunze uye zvinoparadza. Iyo yakakosha iyo ndiyo calcium salt.

Mhuka dzakasvibiswa, sevanhu, dzinoda ions mumubvunzo kuitira kukura kwakanaka uye kubudirira uye kuigamuchira nechingwa.

Calcium ine magadzirira

Pane zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa izvo zvingaita kuti uzadze tsika isiripo yechimwe chinhu mumuviri. Zvakanakisisa zvezvose, zvechokwadi, nzira dzepanyama ndeyezvinhu zvakagadzirwa neatomu inoda. Zvisinei, kana izvi zvikonzero zvisingakwanisi kana zvisingaiti, nzira yekurapa inogamuchirwa.

Saka, urongwa hwezvigadzirwa zvine calcium, zvinenge izvi:

• Mazamu nemukaka-mukaka mishonga;
• Hove;
• Greens;
• Zvokudya (buckwheat, rice, kubika kubva kuupfu hwezviyo);
• Mimwe michero yemuchero (machero, tangerines);
• Bean;
• Yese marimu (kunyanya maarmonds uye walnuts).

Kana pane zvigadzirwa chero zvipi zvese zvinenge zvisingaiti kana zvisingabviri kuzvishandisa kune chimwe chikonzero chekudzorera chiyero chezvinhu zvinodiwa mune imwe mhuka calcium ine magadzirira ichabatsira.

Vose vese vendarira iyi, iyo inokwanisa kukonzerwa nyore nyore nemuviri, nokukurumidza inopinda muropa uye mumatumbo. Pakati pavo inonyanyozivikanwa uye inoshandiswa ndeiyi inotevera.

1. Calcium chloride ndiyo mhinduro yejojo kana kuiswa muvanhu vakuru nevana. Inopesana nehuwandu hwemunyu mune zvakagadzirwa, inoshandiswa ku "hot jabs", sezvo inokonzera kunyatsonzwa uku kana inorohwa. Kune mafomu ane jisi yemichero kuti zvive nyore kuisa.
2. Calcium gluconate. Yakagadzirwa sehwendefa (0.25 kana 0.5 g), uye zvinogadziriswa mujoyi inopinza. Kazhinji mune mahwendefa ane zvibereko zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowedzera.
3. Calcium lactate - inowanikwa mumatafura e 0.5 g.