Ndivanaani uye nguva dzemazuva ano mitsva dzakagadzirwa?

Matanho anogona kunzi anowanikwa kune zvinyorwa zvishoma. Mambakwedza yemuzuva ranhasi isati yasvika mumaoko evanhu, zvakawanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaitwa, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chakakonzera chikamu chikuru chekushanduka kwezvinhu izvi. Ndeipi nguva dzemazuva ano dzakasangana dzakagadzirwa? Ndivanaani vakasikwa? Ndeipi yaiva nzira yekukunda nayo? Vakagadzira kupi mamiriro ekutanga? Uye chii chiripo chichivanza nyaya?

Zvinoreva Moto Muhupenyu Hwevanhu

Kare kare, moto wakapiwa nzvimbo yekuremekedzwa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevanhu. Akaita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira kwedu. Moto ndeimwe yezvinhu zvezvose. Kune vanhu vekare kwaive chinhu chinoshamisa, uye kushandiswa kwaro kusingatombofungidziri. VaGiriki vekare, somuenzaniso, vakachengetedza moto senzvimbo tsvene, vachiipfuura kuvanhu.

Asi mutsika yakabudirira haina kumira, uye moto wakadzidza kwete kungoshandisa chete nokungwara, asiwo kuubvisa pachake. Kutenda kumurazvo wakajeka, dzimba dzakasvibira gore rose, zvokudya zvakagamuchira kurapwa kwemazuva uye zvakasviba, uye kunhuwa kwesimbi, mhangura, ndarama nesirivha zvakatanga kukura. Zvokutanga zvipfeko zvakagadzirwa nevhu uye zviyeredzi zvakare zvinokonzera kuonekwa kwavo kumoto.

Moto wokutanga - chii ichocho?

Sezvawakanga watoziva, kwekutanga kokutanga moto wakabviswa nemunhu zviuru zvemakore akapfuura. Ko madzitateguru edu vakaita izvi sei? Zvakareruka zvakakwana: akatora matanda maviri ematanda ndokutanga kuvhuna, nepo miti yehuni uye sawdust yakatsamwa zvokuti zvokuti kuzvipira kwaisakwanisa kudziviswa.

Panzvimbo ye "huni" moto wakauya dombo. Iyo inomiririra shisa dzinobudiswa nekutema steel kana mhangura pyrites pane dombo. Zvadaro izvi zvinopisa zvakaputirwa nechimwe chinhu chinopisa, uye zvakazoitika kuti ibwe rinonyanya kuzivikanwa - iro lighter muchimiro chayo chepakutanga. Icho chinotarisa kuti chiedza chakaumbwa musati mambambo. Kusiyana kwekuzvarwa kwavo kwaiva makore matatu.

Uyezve, vaGiriki vekare neVaRoma vaiziva imwe nzira yekuwana moto-nekuisa pfungwa dzezuva nemaranzi kana mirara.

Muna 1823, yakagadzirirwa chigadzirwa chitsva-icho chinopisa zvinokonzera Deberair. Nheyo yekushanda kwayo yaive yakashandiswa pakushandiswa kwekwaniso chekudengesa gesi kunongedza paunosangana ne spongy platinum. Saka mushure mezvose, nguva dzemazuva ano dzakatambwa dzakagadzirwa sei? Ngationgororei nyaya ino muchidimbu.

Chipo chakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemasikisi emazuva ano chakaitwa neasayendisiti weGermany A. Gankvatz. Achitenda huchenjeri hwake, zvakafanana nesafuro yemafrimu yakaonekwa kwekutanga, iyo yakabviswa nekuputika nephosphoric piece. Mhando yemakwikwi akadaro akanga asina kukanganisa uye aida kukurumidza kukurumidza.

Mhemberero yeshoko rokuti "kufanana"

Tisati tasarudza kuti ndiani akagadzira mitezo, ngatitsvakei zvinoreva pfungwa iyi uye yakabva.

Izwi rokuti "mutsva" rine mikare yeRussia. Yakafanotangira ishoko rokuti "vakataura" - tsvimbo ine mugumo wakajeka, tsvina.

Pakutanga, ma spokes aiva zvipikiri zvakagadzirwa nematanda, chinangwa chikuru chakanga chiri chokubatanidza chete kune shangu.

Nhoroondo yemukana wemazuva ano

Apo mitsva yemazuva ano yakagadzirwa - iyo nguva inopesana chaizvo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti kusvikira kusvika hafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechina, Mutemo wePasitendi wePasi rose hauna kudaro, uye hwaro hwekusiyana kwemakemikari kuwanikwa kwaive nyika dzakasiyana dzeEurope panguva imwe chete.

Mubvunzo wekuti ndiani akagadzira mitambo yakajeka zvikuru. Nhoroondo yechitarisiko chavo inokonzerwa nemukadzi wechiFrench chemasayendisiti KL Berthollet. Kuwana kwahwo kunokosha ndiyo munyu, iyo, pakusangana ne sulfuric acid, inobatsira kusunungurwa kwehuwandu hwehuni. Gare gare kuwanikwa uku kwakava chikonzero chebasa rezvesayenzi raJean Chansel, nekuda kwemabasa ayo maitambo okutanga akaumbwa - tsvimbo yehuni, iyo yakagadzirwa nechisanganiswa cheBerthollet munyu, sulfure, shuga uye tar. Chigadzirwa chakadaro chakanga chichidzivirirwa nokusimudzira musoro wemutambo weAsbestos, yakagadziriswa ne-concentrated solution ye sulfuric acid.

Sulfure inosangana

Muvambi wavo aiva John Walker. Akashandura zvishoma zvayo mumusoro wemutambo: Berthollet salt + gum + antimony sulphide. Kuisa mitezo yakadai, mukubatana ne sulfuric acid yakanga isingakoshi. Yaiva matanda akaomeswa, nokuda kwekuputika kwaive kwakakwana kuti atange pamusoro penzvimbo ipi neipi yakashata: pepa rine chifukidzo chemukati, grater, yakaputika girasi. Kureba kwematambo kwaiva 91 cm, uye kuvhara kwavo kwaiva yepenisiti bhokisi rakakosha, maungagona kuisa zvidimbu zana. Kunhuhwirira kwaiva kwakaipa. Kwenguva yokutanga iyo yakagadzirwa muna 1826.

Phosphor mitsva

Mugore ripi vakagadzira phosphor mitsva? Zvichida, zvakakosha kubatanidza chitarisiko chavo muna 1831, apo scientist weFrench-chemistist Charles Soria akawedzera white phosphorus kumusanganisi wekutsvaira . Nokudaro, zvikamu zvemutambo wemusoro zvinosanganisira munyu Berthollet, glue, phosphorus white. Kusawirirana chero kupi zvako kwaive kwakakwana kuitira kuti mamiriro ekuvandudzwa awedzere.

Iko kutsvaga kukuru kwaiva nengozi yakawanda yemoto. Chimwe chekukanganisa kweSulfur mitsva yakabviswa - kunhuwirira kusingatsvaki. Asi ivo vakange vachikuvadza kuhutano nekuda kwekusunungurwa kwemhepo inonzi phosphorus. Vashandirwi vemabhizimusi uye zvivigiro vairwara zvikuru. Tichifunga nezvekupedzisira, muna 1906 vakarambidza kushandiswa kwe phosphorus seimwe yezvikamu zvinowanikwa mumutambo.

Swedish matches

Zvishandiso zveSweden hazvina kufanana nemasikisi emazuva ano Gore ravakagadzirwa rakauya mumakore makumi mashanu kubva panguva iyo chiedza chakatarisa mutsara wokutanga. Panzvimbo ye phosphorus, phosphorus tsvuku yakabatanidzwa mumusanganiswa unopisa. Izvo zvakagadzirirwa, zvakavakirwa phosphorus tsvuku, yakashandiswawo kuvhara nechokumativi kwebhokisi. Iyi mitsara yakarongedzwa bedzi apo yaibatanidzwa ne phosphor kupomera zvidhina zvavo. Havana kuisa njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu uye vakanga vasina moto. Musiki wemasikirwo emazuva ano ndiye mutemikari wemuSweden Johan Lundstrem.

Muna 1855, yeParis International Exhibition yakaitika, apo zvikwereti zveSweden zvakapiwa mubayiro mukuru. Kwapera nguva yakati, phosphorus yakanga isina kubviswa zvachose kubva kumativi e-incendiary mix, pamusoro pebhokisi rimwechete raigara kusvikira nhasi.

Paunoita mitambo yemazuva ano, sekutonga, shandisa aspen. Izvo zvinotyisa zvinosanganisira sulfur sulfide, mashizha ematare, mashizha, manganese dioxide, glue, iron oxide, girasi yegirazi. Mukugadzirwa kwekubata kumativi ebhokisi, tsvuku phosphorus, antimony sulfide, iron oxide, manganese dioxide, calcium carbonate inoshandiswa.

Iwe unofarira!

Ikokutanga mabhokisi mabhokisi akanga asiri kadhibhodhi bhokisi, asi bhokisi resimbi. Mavara aya akanga asiri, uye zita remugadziri rakaratidzwa padampamende, iro rakaiswa pachifukidzo kana parutivi rwepakiti.

Chekutanga phosphor mitsva inogona kupiswa nemhaka yekukanganiswa. Muchiitiko ichi, nzvimbo yaiva chinhu chaicho zvachose: kubva pane zvipfeko kusvika kumusangano webhokisi.

Matchbox, yakagadzirwa neRussian state standards, ine urefu hwema 5 masentimita, naizvozvo nekubatsira kwayo unogona kunyatsoyera zvinhu.

Mutambo wacho unowanzoshandiswa sechinhu chinogadziriswa chezvinhu zvose zvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvingangowanikwa mumufananidzo.

Zviratidzo zvemasimba ekugadzirwa kwemitambo yemitambo munyika ndeye mabhiriyoni makumi matatu mabhokisi masikati.

Kune mhando dzakawanda dzemakwikwi: gesi, kukorongedza, moto, chiratidzo, kupisa, kuongorora, hupfumi, kusaka.

Kutengeserana pamabhokisi ebasa

Apo mitsva yemazuva ano yakaumbwa, ipapo chidimbu chakakosha kwavari, mabhokisi, akazoshanda kushandiswa. Ndiani angadai akafunga kuti izvi zvaizova chimwe chezvinhu zvinovimbisa kutengesa zvinoitika panguva iyoyo. Pamapurakiti akadaro, kushambadzira kwakaratidzwa. Iko kutanga kwekutengeserana kwebhizimusi mubhokisi yemitambo yakagadzirwa muAmerica neD Diamond Match Company muna 1895, iyo yakashambadzira comic troupe Mendelson Opera Company. Muchikamu chinooneka chebhokisi chaive chifananidzo che trombonist yavo. Zvichiitika, yekupedzisira yakashambadzira mabhizimusi ebhokisi, yakagadzirwa panguva iyoyo, yakatengeswa munguva ichangopfuura ye $ 25,000.

Mhedziso yekudhinda mubhokisi yemasikirwo yakagamuchirwa neharu uye yaipararira zvikuru mubhizimusi sphere. Nebatsiro remubhodhoro yemitambo yakashambadzirwa bherwery "Pabst" muMilwaukee, zvigadzirwa zvefodya mambo Duc, chewing gum ya Chewing Gum. Kutarisa kuburikidza nemabhosi, wakaziva nyeredzi, vanozivikanwa vemarudzi, vatambi, nezvimwewo.